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Densely tufted, spiny, mat-forming perennial 100-750 mm high; rhizomes very long, well developed, deeply buried underground; culms bearing dense tufts of spiny glaucous shoots at nodes. Tufts tend to grow in rows, due to the long rhizomes. Leaf blade 10-60 x 1-5 mm, rigid, pungent; sheaths striate, finely bearded at mouth. Inflorescence 15-70 mm long, light green; spikelets fewer than 15. Spikelet 5-9 mm long; 4-9-flowered; glumes unequal; lower glume acute; upper glumeobtuse; lemma narrowly ovate; anthers 1-2 mm long.
Spiny, mat-forming perennial, up to 0.75 m tall. Leaves needle-like, rigid and pungent; ligule a fringe of hairs. Inflorescence a contracted, spike-like panicle. Spikelets 4-12 mm long, often flushed purple, many-flowered; glumes unequal, shorter than spikelets, 1-nerved; lemmas long hairy, mucronate or with awn < 0.5 mm long.
Perennial mat-grass with long stout deeply penetrating rhizomes bearing dense fascicles of spiny glaucous shoots at the nodes; culms up to 35(60) cm tall, ascending, branched only at the base; leaf laminas 0.5–4(5) cm × 1–3(4) mm, linear-lanceolate, convolute-subulate, rigid and pungent.
Spikelets 3–7(10)-flowered, 4–12 mm long, elliptic to narrowly oblong-elliptic; glumes unequal, the inferior 1.8–2.4 mm long, broadly lanceolate, acute, the superior 2.7–3.3 mm long, oblong to elliptic-oblong, ± obtuse, sometimes mucronulate; lemmas 2.6–3.5(4) mm long, narrowly ovate.
Mat-forming perennial rhizomatous (with dense tufts of spiny glaucous shoots at nodes), up to 0.75 m high. Rhizomes very long, well developed, deeply buried. Leaf blades 10-60 mm long, 1-5 mm wide. Spikelets 5-9 mm long. Panicle 15-70 mm long; spikelets fewer than 15, 4-9-flowered.
Mat-forming perennial to 75 cm, often spinescent. Leaves needle-like, woody, pungent. Spikelets in a contracted panicle, awnless.
Panicle 2–7 × 0.6–2 cm, linear-oblong to obovate-oblong; racemes 1–3 cm long, erect, bearing 3–14 spikelets.
Caryopsis 1.1–1.2 mm long, elliptic-oblong, slightly concave on the hilar side.
