Opilia amentacea Roxb.

Species

Angiosperms > Santalales > Opiliaceae > Opilia

Characteristics

Woody liane to 10 m long, or scrambling to erect shrub to c. 5 m high; branches glabrous or glabrescent. Young branchlets, inflorescence rachis, pedicels and ovary with minute septate, glandular hairs (Dunlop et al. 1995: 191). Leaves: lamina ovate (to oblong) to lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate, acute or obtuse, c. (3.3–) 5–16 cm long, (1–) 2–5.4 cm wide, mostly glabrous; base attenuate, sometimes rounded; midrib prominent beneath; veins mostly 7–9 each side of midrib; petiole c. 1–10 mm long. Racemes 1–5 per leaf axil, 1.5–3.5 cm long; bracts 2–3 mm diam., caducous before anthesis; flowers sweetly scented; pedicels 1.5–2.5 mm long, lengthening in fruit. Tepals free, (4) 5 (6), oblong, c. 1–2 mm long, shortly pubescent outside, yellowish green. Stamens 5 (or 6), 1.5–2.3 mm long. Disc lobes subclavate, green, c. 0.5 mm long (to 0.8 mm long, fide Koch 1992: 567). Ovary c. 1–1.5 mm long. Drupe usually ellipsoidal, cream to pale yellow or orange-yellow, 12–30 mm long, (6–) 12–18 (–20) mm wide; pedicel thickened upwards, 5–7 mm long.
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A shrub or woody climber. It grows off other trees and plants. It grows to 4-10 m tall and has stems 20 cm across. The bark is rough and light grey. It has furrows along it and is corky. The aerial branches often hang downwards. The leaves are fairly smooth and leathery. They are 5-14 cm long by 2-5 cm wide. The midrib is prominent underneath the leaf. The leaf has a pointed tip. The leaf stalk is 0.3-0.7 cm long. The new leaves are bright shiny green. The base of the leaves is slightly curved backwards. The flowers are very small and yellow green. They are star shaped. They have a sweet scent. Many flowers occur together on short stalks around a central stem. These occur in the axils of leaves and are 2-3.5 cm long. The fruit can occur singly or in clusters. The fruit are oval and fleshy. The flesh is white. They are 1.5-3 cm long by 1.2-1.8 cm wide. They are pale yellow or orange when ripe. The fruit are edible. They have one seed inside. The seed is 21 mm long by 15 mm wide.
Liana up to 30 m or erect shrub; bark smooth or fissured, pale to dark grey, branches glabrous or glabrescent. Leaves mostly glabrous; ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, 5-14 (-16) by 2-5 cm; apex acuminate, acute, or obtuse; base attenuate, sometimes rounded; midrib prominent beneath; nerves (6-) 7-9 (-11) pairs; petiole 3-7 (-10) mm. Racemes 1-5 in the axil of one leaf, 1.5-3.5 cm long when flowering; bracts 2-3 mm Ө, with ciliate margin. Pedicels of 1.5-2 mm. Tepals yellowish green, oblong with a short inflexed top, shortly pubescent outside, c. 1.5 mm long. Filaments filiform, 1.5 mm; anthers oval, 0.3 mm long. Disk lobes subclavate, green, c. 0.5 mm long. Ovary c. 1 mm long. Drupe orange-yellow, 1.5-3 by 1.25-1.75 cm; pedicels thickened upwards, 5-7 mm.
Lianas, to 30 m. Branches glabrescent. Petiole 5-10 mm; leaf blade lanceolate, ovate, or oblong, 7-14 × 3-5 cm, ± leathery, glabrous, base cuneate to sometimes rounded, apex acute to acuminate, midvein abaxially prominent; veins 7-9 on each side of midvein. Racemes 1 or 2, axillary, 2-4 cm, brownish tomentose; bracts broadly ovate, 2-3 mm. Pedicel 1.5-2 mm, puberulous. Tepals yellowish green, oblong, ca. 1.5 mm, pubescent. Filaments filiform, ca. 1.5 mm; anther ca. 0.3 mm. Disk lobes ± clavate, ca. 0.5 mm. Ovary ca. 1 mm. Drupe reddish, ellipsoid, 2.5-3 × 1.4-1.6 cm; stipe thickened, ca. 5 mm. Fl. and fr. Apr-Jun. 2n = 20.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support -
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 10.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
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Fruit color
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JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows in tropical Asia. They occur near the beach in monsoon areas. They are often on sandy soil. They need fresh water so are often near streams. In China it grows in forests and on mountain slopes between 500-800 m altitude in Yunnan in S China. It can grow in arid places. It occurs in the Western Ghats in India.
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In dry deciduous forests or thickets (in New Guinea in light rain-forest), often on seashore or along streams; on limestone, sandstone, or volcanic tuff; from sea level up to 600 m (in New Guinea up to 1000 m). Fl. fr. Jan.-Dec. Flowers sweet scented.
Grows in sandy soil, often on coastal dunes; also on sandstone and laterite; in shrubland, woodland, open forest, coastal thickets, vine thickets, monsoon thickets and forest, littoral rainforest, riverine vegetation.
Found in a wide range of environments from coastal bushland, through Acacia woodland to dry forest, often in riverine forest; also in upland rainforest, at elevations from sea level to 1,900 metres.
Light -
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Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

Uses. The fleshy mesocarp of the fruit is edible, but it is only reported from different parts of Africa and N. Australia that the fruits are eaten.
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The fruit are eaten fresh. CAUTION. The fruit eaten in large quantities can irritate the lips and tongue. Leaves are cooked as a vegetable.
The fruits are sweet and edible (Kenneally et al. 1996: 151), and are eaten by Aboriginals. Various medicinal uses in Africa.
Uses animal food environmental use food fuel gene source invertebrate food material medicinal poison social use wood
Edible fruits leaves
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown from fresh seed. The seed need to be placed on the ground surface, not buried.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
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Optimum temperature (C°) -
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Images

Opilia amentacea unspecified picture

Distribution

Opilia amentacea world distribution map, present in Angola, Australia, Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, China, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, India, Kenya, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Moldova (Republic of), Madagascar, Mali, Myanmar, Mozambique, Nigeria, Philippines, Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, Chad, Togo, Thailand, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Viet Nam, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:608174-1
WFO ID wfo-0000387270
COL ID 74QSP
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 925515
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Opilia celtidifolia Opilia tomentella Opilia angiensis Opilia amentacea Opilia javanica Opilia fragrans Pentitdis scandens Opilia thorelii Opilia senegalensis Opilia pentitdis Tetanosia olacioides Opilia amentacea var. tomentella Opilia celtidifolia var. tomentella Opilia celtidifolia var. sphaerocarpa Opilia ruwenzoriensis