Phalaris aquatica L.

Bulbous canarygrass (en), Alpiste aquatique (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Poales > Poaceae > Phalaris

Characteristics

Perennial, caespitose and shortly rhizomatous. Culms 60–150 cm high, 4–6-noded; basal culm internodes slightly swollen or not. Young shoots extravaginal. Leaves: ligule entire; blade (3–) 10–45 cm long, (2–) 5–15 mm wide. Panicles spike-like, 2–15 cm long, cylindrical or narrowly ovoid to lanceoloid, uninterrupted. Spikelets all bisexual. Glumes subequal, mostly 4.5–7 mm long, 3-nerved with lateral nerves not extending to margin; wing on upper 1/2–2/3 of glumes, 0.4–0.7 mm wide, tapering gradually to base, narrowing abruptly towards apex, with prominent green stripe on inner edge, scaberulous on midnerve. Sterile lemmas very unequal (often only 1 developed), to 1.5 (–2) mm long, silky hairy; lower one shorter than upper or often lacking when reduced to a few hairs or basal scale. Bisexual floret golden brown at maturity; lemma 2.7–4 mm long, becoming indurated, silky except for a bare patch towards base on lateral surfaces; palea with silky hairs on keel; anthers (2–) 2.5–4 mm long; styles fused.
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Strong perennial clumps, 60-200 cm, from short, knotted rhizome, shoots slightly swollen and ± tuberous at base. Leaf-sheath firm, glabrous, striate, light brown or brownish green. Ligule 4-9 mm, rounded. Leaf-blade 15-60 cm × 5-11 mm, very minutely scabrid, adaxially becoming smooth; margins slightly thickened, minutely scabrid, tapered to long, fine, acuminate tip. Culm 55-180 cm. Panicle (2.5)-3.5-12-(20) × 0.8-2.5-(3) cm, cylindric, oblong or slightly tapered at upper or both ends, occasionally lobed; rachis smooth, branches very sparsely scabrid, hidden. Spikelets 4.5-6.5 mm, light green. Glumes ± equal, 3-nerved, elliptic-lanceolate with deeper green ciliolate wing in upper ½, glabrous, evenly curved towards subacute tip. Ø florets: lemmas unequal, lower 0.5-1 mm, upper 1.2-1.7 mm, lanceolate, acute, sparsely hairy. ☿ floret: lemma 3-3.7 mm, ovate, subacute, with ± sparse, short, fine, silky hairs; palea narrower than lemma; anthers (2.2)-3-4 mm; caryopsis 2.2-2.6 × 1-1.3 mm.
Loosely tufted perennial, up to 1.5 m high; culms often bulbous at base, lateral culms geniculately ascending. Leaf blade 180-350 x 2-15 mm; ligule an unfringed membrane. Inflorescence a panicle, 15-110 x 10-25 mm, occasionally interrupted at base. Spikelets 4.5-7.5 mm long, laterally compressed; glumes ± equal, much longer than spikelet, glabrous, broadly winged, margins entire. Florets usually 2, lowest floret reduced, sterile, 1.4-1.6 mm long, densely pubescent, rarely a second sterile floret present, then < 0.5 mm long; uppermost floret bisexual, 3.1-4.6 x 1.2-1.5 mm, hard, densely pubescent; anther 1.5-3.5 mm long. Flowering time Nov.-Apr.
Loosely tufted perennial up to 1500 mm high, culm base often bulbous, lateral culms geniculately ascending. Leaf blade 180-350 x 2-15 mm. Inflorescence 15-110 x 10-25 mm, occasionally interrupted at the base. Spikelet 4.5-7.5 mm long; glumes glabrous, pale green with dark green longitudinal stripes, broadly winged, margins entire; sterile floret usually one, 1.4-1.6 mm long, densely pubescent, rarely second sterile floret present, then shorter than 0.5 mm; fertile floret 3.1-4.6 x 1.2-1.5 mm, densely pubescent; anther 1.5-3.5 mm long.
Perennial, tufted. Culms 50–150 cm tall, often bulbously thickened at base. Uppermost leaf sheaths not inflated; leaf blades 3–8 mm wide; ligule 3–7 mm. Panicle spikelike, cylindrical, 1.5–11 cm, sometimes lobed at base. Spikelets elliptic-oblong; glumes 5–7 mm, winged, wing margin entire, apex acute; sterile lemma 1(–2), subulate, 0.2–2.2 mm, pubescent, second lemma (when present) up to 0.5 mm; fertile lemma lanceolate, 3–4.6 mm, densely pubescent. Anthers 3–3.5 mm. 2n = 28.
Perennial, loosely tufted (lateral culms geniculately ascending), up to 1.5 m high. Leaf blades 180-350 mm long, 2-15 mm wide. Spikelets 4.5-7.5 mm long. Panicle 15-110 mm long, 10-25 mm wide, occasionally interrupted at base; glumes broadly winged, margin entire; female-fertile floret densely pubescent; sterile floret usually one, 0.2-2.2 mm long (rarely with a second sterile floret, which is then shorter than 0.5 mm).
Perennial; up to 1.5 m high; loosely tufted. Culms laterally geniculately ascending. Leaf blades 180-350 x 2-15 mm. Flowers: panicle compact; spike-like; 15-110 x 10-25 mm; occasionally interrupted at base; spikelets 4.5-7.5 mm long; glumes broadly winged; margins entire; female-fertile floret densely pubescent; sterile floret usually 1; 0.2-2.2 mm long; rarely with a second sterile floret; < 0.5 mm long.
Perennial to 1.5 m. Leaves lanceolate. Spikelets 4-8 mm long, in a cylindrical, spike-like panicle 2-11 cm long, glumes broadly winged, sterile floret 1, sometimes 2.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination anemogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 1.5
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) 1.2
Root diameter (meter) 0.3
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Often grows along river and creekbanks, in swamps and other wet sites, also roadsides, pastures and wasteland.
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 5-9
Soil texture 1-4
Soil acidity 4-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-11

Usage

Uses animal food fodder medicinal poison vertebrate poison
Edible -
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 12 - 18
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Phalaris aquatica habit picture by Mary Graham (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Phalaris aquatica leaf picture by Camille Letellier (cc-by-sa)
Phalaris aquatica leaf picture by González Meza (cc-by-sa)
Phalaris aquatica leaf picture by González Meza (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Phalaris aquatica flower picture by Samuele (cc-by-sa)
Phalaris aquatica flower picture by Cechura Martin (cc-by-sa)
Phalaris aquatica flower picture by cuevas jesus (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Phalaris aquatica fruit picture by oguzhandikmen18 (cc-by-sa)
Phalaris aquatica fruit picture by Pierre Mambré (cc-by-sa)
Phalaris aquatica fruit picture by Jean Pieters (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Phalaris aquatica world distribution map, present in Albania, Australia, Bulgaria, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, China, Cyprus, Algeria, Ecuador, Egypt, Spain, France, Iraq, Italy, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Norfolk Island, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Pakistan, Peru, Palau, Portugal, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tunisia, Uruguay, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:415560-1
WFO ID wfo-0000889597
COL ID 4FRDR
BDTFX ID 48626
INPN ID 112972
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Phalaris elongata Phalaris nodosa Phalaris x trabutiana Phalaris bulbosa Phalaris caespitosa Phalaris stenoptera Phalaris hirtiglumis Phalaris altissima Phalaris tuberosa Phalaris aquatica var. stenoptera Phalaris bulbosa var. alata Phalaris bulbosa var. clausonis Phalaris bulbosa var. hirtiglumis Phalaris nodosa var. minor Phalaris tuberosa var. alata Phalaris tuberosa var. clausonis Phalaris tuberosa var. hirtiglumis Phalaris tuberosa var. stenoptera Phalaris arundinacea subsp. bulbosa Phalaris aquatica var. aquatica Phalaris aquatica