Phalaris minor Retz.

Littleseed canarygrass (en), Alpiste mineur (fr), Petit alpiste (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Poales > Poaceae > Phalaris

Characteristics

Tufted annuals 10-100 cm, very slender to robust. Leaf-sheath firm, minutely scabrid or smooth, striate, light green sometimes purplish; upper sheaths slightly inflated. Ligule 2-6.5 mm, obtuse, slightly tapered. Leaf-blade 3-30 cm × 2-10 mm, long-tapered, finely ribbed, ribs finely scabrid especially near finely scabrid margins, tip acuminate. Culm 8-95 cm, internodes ridged. Panicle 1.5-6.5 × 1-2 cm, ovoid-oblong to cylindric; rachis and branches hidden, papillose, scabrid, sometimes only sparsely so. Spikelets 4.5-5.5 mm, light green. Glumes ± equal, 3-nerved, smooth, oblanceolate with sharply acute tip, keel finely scabrid, winged in upper ½, wing usually toothed near abruptly narrowed apex. Ø florets: lemmas very unequal, lower c. 0.3 mm, a glabrous shining minute scale, upper 0.9-1.3 mm, lanceolate, acute, hairy. ☿ floret: lemma 2.5-3 mm, ovate, acute, silky-haired; palea narrower than lemma, internerve long hairy or occasionally almost glabrous, apex ciliate; anthers 1-2 mm; caryopsis 2-2.3 × 0.8-1.2 mm.
More
Annual, caespitose. Culms (5–) 20–180 cm high, (3–) 4–6 (–10)-noded. Young shoots intravaginal. Leaves: basal sheaths often purple; ligule entire; blade 4–30 cm long, (2–) 3–13 mm wide. Panicles spike-like or capitate, 1–9 cm long, cylindrical to narrowly ovoid or lanceoloid, uninterrupted. Spikelets all bisexual. Glumes ±equal or subequal, 4–6.5 mm long, with conspicuous keel-wing on upper 2/3–3/4 tapering equally towards both base and apex or sometimes more gradually towards base than apex, usually erose to denticulate or irregularly 1–4-toothed toward apex, 3-nerved; midnerve scaberulous. Sterile lemmas markedly unequal; basal lemma reduced to a scale c. 0.2–0.3 mm long; second lemma mostly 1–1.5 (–1.8) mm long. Bisexual floret brown at maturity; lemma mostly 2.4–3.2 mm long, acute, becoming indurated, silky; palea with similar hairs to lemma on keel; anthers mostly 1–2 mm long; styles free to base.
Loosely tufted annual, (0.01-)0.20-1.00 m high; culms erect or geniculately ascending. Leaf blade 50-250 x 5-10 mm; ligule an unfringed membrane. Inflorescence a panicle, 10-60 x 10-15 mm. Spikelets 4.0-6.5 mm long, laterally compressed; glumes ± equal, much longer than spikelet, glabrous, winged, keel denticulate-undulate. Florets 2; lowest floret reduced, sterile, (0.2-0.3)0.5-1.3 mm long, sparsely pubescent; uppermost floret bisexual, 2.7-4.0 x 0.5-1.0 mm, hard, pilose; anther 1.5-2.0 mm long. Flowering time Sept.-Jan.
Loosely tufted annual (10-)200-1000 mm high; culms erect or geniculately ascending. Leaf blade 50-250 x 5-10 mm. Inflorescence 10-60 x 10-15 mm. Spikelet 4.0-6.5 mm long; glumes glabrous, pale green with dark green longitudinal stripes, winged, wing usually irregularly dentate or toothed, sometimes entire; sterile floret one, 0.5-1.3 mm long (occasionally 0.2-0.3 mm long), sparsely pubescent; fertile floret 2.7-4.0 x 0.5-1.0 mm, pilose; anther 1.5-2.0 mm long.
Annual, tufted. Culms 20–100 cm tall. Uppermost leaf sheaths not inflated; leaf blades 3–9 mm wide; ligule 4–6 mm. Panicle dense, ovate to oblong, 1–6 cm. Spikelets elliptic, 4.5–5.5 mm; glumes winged on upper part of keel, wing margin erose-denticulate; sterile lemma 1, ca. 1 mm, appressed-pilose; fertile lemma lanceolate-ovate, 2.7–4 mm, pubescent, becoming cartilaginous and shiny. Anthers 1.5–1.8 mm. 2n = 28.
Annual, loosely tufted (culms erect or geniculately ascending), up to 1 m high. Leaf blades 50-250 mm long, 5-10 mm wide. Spikelets 4-6 mm long. Panicle 20-50 mm long, 10-15 mm wide; glumes evenly winged, keel denticulate-undulate; female-fertile florets pilose; sterile floret one, 1.0-1.8 mm long (occasionally 0.2-0.3 mm long).
Annual; up to 1 m high; loosely tufted. Culms erect or geniculately ascending. Leaf blades 50-250 x 5-10 mm. Flowers: panicle compact; spike-like; 20-50 x 10-15 mm; spikelets 4-6 mm long; glumes evenly winged; keel denticulate-undulate; female-fertile florets pilose; sterile floret 1; (0.2-0.3)1.0-1.8 mm long.
Annual, up to 1 m tall, loosely tufted. Leaves linear; ligule an unfringed membrane. Inflorescence a spike-like, cylindrical panicle. Spikelets 4-6 mm long, awnless; glume keels narrowly but conspicuously winged; lowest floret sterile and minute; upper floret fertile.
Leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes, tight at first, later loose or often somewhat inflated, striate, usually glabrous, smooth.
Leaf-laminae 5-10 x 0.3-1.2 cm., linear, tapering to a fine point, flaccid, glabrous, smooth but scaberulous along the margins.
Sterile floret usually 1 (the second: the first if present at all scale-like), c. 1-1.75 mm. long, subulate.
Panicles 1-6 cm. long, cylindrical to subglobose, rather dense and compact; rhachis and branches glabrous.
An annual grass. It grows 20-100 cm tall. The leaf blades are 3-9 mm wide. The flower panicles are dense.
Culms 20-100 cm. tall, 3-several-noded, rather weak, erect or geniculately ascending, striate, glabrous.
Spikelets 4-6.5 mm. long, obliquely broad-elliptic in lateral view, almost plano-convex.
Like P. canariensis but glume narrowly winged, spikelets 4-6 mm long, sterile floret 1.
Glumes subequal, 4-6.5 mm. long, with the wing erose-denticulate or sometimes entire.
Fertile lemma 2.7-4.0 mm. long, dorsally pubescent.
Ligule 2-7.5 mm. long, whitish.
Caryopsis 2.25-2.5 mm. long.
A loosely caespitose annual.
Anthers 1-1.5 mm. long.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination anemogamy
Spread anemochory
Mature width (meter) 0.5
Mature height (meter) 0.6 - 1.0
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) 1.2
Root diameter (meter) 0.3
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a subtropical plant. In Argentina it grows below 500 m above sea level. In Yunnan.
More
A weed of cultivation and disturbed areas, often in moist habitats. 
Sandy soils.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 5-8
Soil texture 1-5
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-9

Usage

Grown for forage and seed; widespread as an escape from cultivation.
More
The seeds are parched and eaten.
Uses animal food fodder food forage gene source medicinal poison vertebrate poison
Edible seeds
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) 7 - 14
Germination temperacture (C°) 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -23
Optimum temperature (C°) 12 - 18
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Phalaris minor habit picture by randovu (cc-by-sa)
Phalaris minor habit picture by Yoan MARTIN (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Phalaris minor leaf picture by Abdul Ghaffar (cc-by-sa)
Phalaris minor leaf picture by Rina Jeger (cc-by-sa)
Phalaris minor leaf picture by randovu (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Phalaris minor flower picture by Abdul Ghaffar (cc-by-sa)
Phalaris minor flower picture by Lezaun Juan Antonio (cc-by-sa)
Phalaris minor flower picture by Rina Jeger (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Phalaris minor world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Åland Islands, Albania, Australia, Austria, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea, Spain, France, Greece, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Norfolk Island, Netherlands, Nepal, New Zealand, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Palau, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Singapore, Turks and Caicos Islands, Chad, Turkmenistan, Tunisia, Ukraine, United States of America, Uzbekistan, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:415632-1
WFO ID wfo-0000889730
COL ID 4FRFR
BDTFX ID 48694
INPN ID 113007
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Phalaris minor f. haematites Alopecurus otiporensis Phalaris mauritii Phalaris ambigua Phalaris haematites Phalaris minor f. subcylindrica Phalaris brevis Phalaris capensis Phalaris decumbens Phalaris gracilis Phalaris nepalensis Phalaris aquatica var. minor Phalaris arundinacea var. minor Phalaris minor subsp. gracilis Phalaris minor var. comosula Phalaris minor var. gracilis Phalaris minor var. integra Phalaris minor var. nepalensis Phalaris minor var. phaeosperma Phalaris minor f. bracteata Phalaris minor f. composita Phalaris minor f. glomerata Phalaris minor f. gracilis Phalaris minor var. minor Phalaris minor Phalaris aquatica