Phyllanthus urinaria L.

Chamberbitter (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Phyllanthaceae > Phyllanthus

Characteristics

Annual herbs, erect or procumbent, up to 80 cm tall; stem much branched at base; branches prostrate to ascending, winged, hispidulous along one side. Leaves distichous; stipules ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm, base conspicuously auriculate; petiole very short; leaf blade papery, oblong or oblong-obovate or nearly linear, sometimes slightly falcate, 4-10 × 2-5 mm, abaxially gray-green or pale, or sometimes reddish tinged, adaxially bright or dark green, base mostly obtuse, sometimes conspicuously oblique, margin ciliate, apex rounded, obtuse, or acutely mucronulate; lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, conspicuous. Plants monoecious. Flower fascicles male along distal part of branchlets, 2-4-flowered, female along middle and lower part of branchlets, 1-flowered; pedicel ca. 0.5 mm, with 1-2 bracteoles at base. Male flowers: sepals 6, elliptic to oblong-obovate, 0.3-0.6 × 0.2-0.4 mm, yellowish white, apex obtuse; disk glands 6, green; stamens 3; filaments completely united into a slender column. Female flowers: pedicels ca. 0.5 mm; sepals 6, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, subequal, ca. 1 mm, margin membranous, yellowish white, persistent in fruit; disk orbicular, entire; ovary ovoid or spherical, with conspicuous raised scales; styles 3, free, bifid at apex, lobes revolute. Capsules globose, 2-2.5 mm in diam., with reddish blotches, scurfy-tuberculate. Seed 3-sided, 1-1.2 × 0.9-1 mm, light grayish brown, with 12-15 sharp transverse ridges on back and sides, often with 1-3 deep circular pits on side. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Nov.
More
Herb, usually annual, erect or procumbent, up to 5 dm high; monoecious; main stems 1-3 mm thick, subterete with narrow sharp ridges decurrent from nodes; scale-leaves on main axes scarious, 2-3 mm long. Deciduous branchlets mostly 5-10 cm long, 0.5-0.75 mm thick, with 20-35 leaves. Leaves with very short petioles; stipules unequal, the longer 0.8-1.5 mm long, lanceolate; blades mostly 8-25 mm long, 2-6(-9) mm broad, linear to oblong-obovate, obtuse or mucronulate at the tip, marginally hispidulous beneath. Cymules unisexual, the proximal nodes with solitary female flowers, the distal nodes with cymules of 5-7 male flowers. Staminate flowers with calyx-lobes 6, less than 0.5 mm long; disc-segments 6, crenulate; stamens 3, the filaments completely fused into a column, the anthers dehiscing vertically; pollen grains 4-colporate. Pistillate flowers with pedicels 0.5 mm long or less; calyx-lobes 6, linear to lanceolate, dorsally hispidulous, 0.6-0.9 mm long; disc entire or crenulate; ovary conspicu-ously papillate, the styles connate, bifid at the tips. Capsules 2-2.2 mm in diam, scurfy or nearly smooth, often reddish-blotched; seeds 1.1-1.2 mm long, light brown, with 12-15 sharp tranverse ridges on back and sides and often with 1-3 deep pits on the sides.
A herb. It keeps growing from year to year. It grows 10-30 cm high. The leaves are simple and alternate. They are 6-12 mm long by 4-6 mm wide The male flowers are in clusters in the axils of leaves. The female flowers occur singly in the lower axils. The flowers are green and cream. The fruit have 6 shallow lobes. The fruit are 2.5 mm across.
A herb with slender subwoody stems.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.6
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It grows near river flats and on alluvial soil. It grows along the sides of marshy areas. In Fiji it grows from sea level up to 1,130 m altitude. In China it grows in dry fields and on the edges of forests between 100-600 m above sea level. In Sichuan and Yunnan.
More
Dry fields, roadsides, wastelands, forest margins; at elevations of 100-600 metres in China. common weed of waste places, clearings, gardens, along paths, but is also found in evergreen forest and bamboo forest; to 1,500 metres.
Light -
Soil humidity 1-3
Soil texture 5-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The leaves are cooked and eaten with oil and salt.
Uses food material medicinal oil poison
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Appetite stimulants (leaf), Furunculosis (leaf), Smallpox (leaf), Sleep initiation and maintenance disorders (root), Antiseptic (unspecified), Apertif (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Conjunctivitis (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Deobstruent (unspecified), Dermatosis (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dropsy (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Hepatitis (unspecified), Jaundice (unspecified), Liver (unspecified), Miscarriage (unspecified), Piscicide (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Scalp (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Syphilis (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Urogenital (unspecified), Enteritis (unspecified), Glossitis (unspecified), Lactogogue (unspecified), Sting(Caterpillar) (unspecified), Insomnia (unspecified), Itch (unspecified), Marasmus (unspecified), Nephritis (unspecified), Ophthalmia (unspecified), Renosis (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Vertigo (unspecified), Diuretics (unspecified), Fishes, poisonous (unspecified), Urogenital system (unspecified), Diuretics (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Phyllanthus urinaria habit picture by Eli Small (cc-by-sa)
Phyllanthus urinaria habit picture by Eli Small (cc-by-sa)
Phyllanthus urinaria habit picture by Ikhsan Rakhmat Harahap (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Phyllanthus urinaria leaf picture by Onny Farizyandi (cc-by-sa)
Phyllanthus urinaria leaf picture by Anindya Chaudhuri (cc-by-sa)
Phyllanthus urinaria leaf picture by christiane Fazer (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Phyllanthus urinaria flower picture by Bruce Winter (cc-by-sa)
Phyllanthus urinaria flower picture by Perdina Hadyan (cc-by-sa)
Phyllanthus urinaria flower picture by Perdina Hadyan (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Phyllanthus urinaria fruit picture by Rakesh Verma (cc-by-sa)
Phyllanthus urinaria fruit picture by Pamela Pinkston (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Phyllanthus urinaria world distribution map, present in Åland Islands, Andorra, Bangladesh, Belize, Brazil, China, Congo, Cook Islands, Comoros, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, Fiji, Gabon, Georgia, Guernsey, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, Jamaica, Japan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Madagascar, Maldives, Myanmar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Réunion, Sierra Leone, Suriname, Seychelles, Togo, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), and Viet Nam

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:354815-1
WFO ID wfo-0000272302
COL ID 4H4Q8
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 445649
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Diasperus urinaria Phyllanthus echinatus Phyllanthus muricatus Phyllanthus verrucosus Phyllanthus urinaria var. oblongifolius Phyllanthus urinaria var. laevis Phyllanthus urinaria

Lower taxons

Phyllanthus urinaria subsp. urinaria Phyllanthus urinaria subsp. nudicarpus