Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-redh.

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Piliostigma

Characteristics

A evergreen or semi-deciduous small to medium-sized rounded tree, usually 3-5 m in height but reaching 10 m under ideal conditions. Bark: dark brownish grey, rough, longitudinally furrowed. Leaves: simple, alternate, large, leathery, 2-lobed for up to one third of the length, with a small, bristle-like structure in the notch, 5-15 x 6-16 cm; lobes each with 4-6 main veins from the base; apex of the lobes rounded; base square to shallowly lobed; margin entire; petiole thick, 2-4 cm long. Flowers: inconspicuous in axillary, leaf-opposed or terminal racemes or panicles; sexes separate on different trees, or possibly on the same tree, with the male flowers produced first and then female flowers later, if conditions are suitable; floral parts in 4s or 5s; calyx forming a short tube, the tube and calyx lobes covered with dark brown velvety hairs; petals short, white, crinkled, overlapping; male flower with 10 stamens, ovary aborted; female flower with sterile stamens, ovary without a stalk (Dec.-Feb.). Fruit: a large pod, 22 x 7 cm, thick, woody, reddish brown and tough, not splitting on reaching maturity but falling to the ground where it decays or is broken up.
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Tree up to 10 m high or sometimes a shrub; bark rough, dark brown to grey or black; young branchlets rusty-tomentellous or shortly rusty-tomentose. Leaves: petiole 2-4 cm long; blade mostly 5-15 cm long and 6-16 cm wide in our area, bilobed apically about one-eighth to one-third of the length of the leaf, densely reticulate and rusty-puberulous or-pubescent beneath; lobes each with 5 or 6 main veins. Stipules 3-6 mm long. Panicles usually alternately leaf-opposed and axillary along the branches, the male ones 5-19 cm long and the female 2-7 cm long. Calyx 0.8-1.5(2) cm long, rusty-tomentose or-tomentellous. Petals white to pinkish, obovate, 1.2-2 (2.6) cm long, rugose or bullate, hairy on basal claw and outside of limb. Ovary 5-12 mm long, stigma sessile on the ovary. Pods woody, indehiscent, oblong or linear-oblong, mostly 13-20 cm long and 3-6 cm wide in our area, shortly ferruginous pubescent, on a stipe 2-3 cm long. Seeds obovoid to ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, dark brown to blackish, 7-9 mm long, 5-7 mm wide and 3-4 mm thick. Flowering period is from November to April.
It is a leafy shrub or a spreading tree. It loses its leaves during the year. It can grow to 12 m tall. The leaves are broad and lobed. The bark is rough and brown. The leaves are simple and can be 20 cm across. The tip of the leaf has lobes and the base of the leaf has notches. The veins spread out from this notch. The upper surface of the leaf is green and the lower surface a lighter colour and with red veins. The leaves are on thick stalks. The male and female flowers are carried separately. The male heads have fewer flowers than the female. The flower buds are fat and oval. They are velvety and in long strings on sturdy stalks. The flowers are 2.5 cm wide. Only one or two flowers open at one time in a bunch. They hang downwards and drop off easily. The pods are large and woody. They are up to 23 cm long by 8 cm wide. They are green but turn brown. They are covered with tiny raised lines. The pods do not break open but fall off. The pods and seeds are edible
Tree (2–)3–10 m. high, occasionally shrubby.. Bark rough, dark brown to grey or black.. Branchlets rusty-tomentellous or shortly rusty-tomentose when young.. Leaves mostly 5–17 cm. long and 6–19 cm. wide, bilobed about one-eighth to one-third way down, densely reticulate and rusty-puberulous or-pubescent beneath.. Panicles usually alternately leaf-opposed and axillary along branches, the ♂ ones 5–19 cm. long, the ♀ 2–7 cm. long.. Flowers white to pinkish.. Calyx rusty-tomentose or-tomentellous, 1.3–2.3 cm. long.. Petals obovate, 1.4–2.6 cm. long, rugose or bullate, hairy on basal claw and outside of limb.. Pods stipitate, woody, oblong or linear-oblong, mostly 13–26(–37) cm. long and 3–6.3 cm. wide.. Seeds obovoid to ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, dark brown to blackish, ± 7–9 mm. long, 5–7 mm. wide and 3–4 mm. thick.. Fig. 46.
Leaves: petiole 2–5(7) cm; lamina up to 16 cm from base of midrib to tip of lobes, lobed for ?–? of its length, the angle between the lobes slightly less than to slightly more than 90°, usually strongly cordate at the base, the lobes rounded to acutely pointed, glabrous above, with rusty-brown crisped hairs beneath, the lower surface with a conspicuously prominent finely reticulate venation.
Dioecious, inflorescences of male trees forming very narrowly pyramidal panicles up to 20 × 5.5 cm; those of female trees forming short few-flowered panicles up to 7 cm long; axes and pedicels brown-tomentellous.
Tree or shrub, up to 10 m high. Leaves 2-lobed, 50-150 x 60-160 mm, densely reticulate and rusty-pubescent beneath. Pods woody, indehiscent, oblong or linear-oblong, 130-200 x 30-60 mm. Flowers white to pink.
Pods woody, 12–30(37) × 3–6.5 cm, varying from 2 to 10 times as long as broad, oblong to linear oblong, brown-pubescent when young but later glabrescent.
Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft. high, often of crooked growth and occasionally scrambling
Petals white to lilac or pink, 1.1–2 cm long, obovate, the margins strongly undulate.
Seeds dark brown to blackish, 7–9 × 5–7 × 3–4 mm, obovoid to ellipsoid, compressed.
Tree up to 10 m with a spreading crown, or occasionally flowering as a shrub.
Young branches with rusty-brown tomentum, somewhat glabrescent later.
Ovary brown-tomentose; style very short or absent; stigma capitate.
Stamens 10(11), scarcely reaching the throat of the flower.
Calyx 0.8–1.5 cm long, brown-tomentellous.
Petals white
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 8.81 - 10.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 2.0
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer present
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows in open woodland and often near streams. It grows in the Sahel. In Ethiopia it grows at low and medium altitudes especially between 900-1,700 m altitude. It cannot stand cold temperatures or frost and is tolerant of drought. It grows in areas with an annual rainfall between 400-1,200 mm. It can grow in arid places. It also grows on termite mounds. It grows in the lowlands. It grows in Miombo woodland in Africa.
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In savannah regions moister than those of the preceding species (Piliostigma reticulatum).
Woodland, wooded grassland and bushland, at elevations from sea level to 1,830 metres.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 1-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The pods and seeds are eaten when food is scarce. They are dried. The young leaves are chewed to relieve thirst. The bark can be used to make tea. The dried leaves are used for tea.
Uses animal food dye environmental use fiber fodder food food additive forage fuel gene source gum invertebrate food material medicinal oil poison social use tea wood
Edible barks flowers fruits leaves pods seeds shoots stems
Therapeutic use Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Bite(Snake) (unspecified), Chest (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Eye (unspecified), Gingivitis (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Hemostat (unspecified), Intestine (unspecified), Itch (unspecified), Parturition (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Bite(Dog) (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Spleen (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Smallpox (unspecified), Soap (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Cold (unspecified), Febrifuge (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seeds. The seeds are removed from a dry pod by breaking it open with a hammer. The seeds are put in hot water and soaked overnight. Then they are planted. Seeds germinate in 5-10 days. Seedlings are transplanted when the first adult leaves appear.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Piliostigma thonningii leaf picture by adam basheer (cc-by-sa)
Piliostigma thonningii leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Piliostigma thonningii leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Piliostigma thonningii flower picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Piliostigma thonningii flower picture by Steve Morris (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Piliostigma thonningii fruit picture by pascal revault (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Piliostigma thonningii world distribution map, present in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Malawi, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Chad, Togo, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Yemen, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:514346-1
WFO ID wfo-0000170413
COL ID 4HTRD
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Bauhinia thonningii Bauhinia abyssinica Bauhinia articulata Bauhinia tamarindacea Bauhinia thonningii Bauhinia pyrrhocarpa Piliostigma thonningii