Pistia stratiotes L.

Water lettuce (en), Salade du nil (fr), Laitue-d'eau commune (fr), Pistie stratiotes (fr), Laitue d'eau (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Alismatales > Araceae > Pistia

Characteristics

Roots to 50 cm, with short branches. Leaves light green to grayish green, 2--15(--20) cm, spongy, pubescence dense, white; major veins 5--13(--15), nearly parallel, abaxially prominent. Inflorescences: spathe white to pale green, convolute basally, slightly constricted above middle, spreading apically, pwhite to pale green, pubescent outside, glabrous inside; spadix adnate to spathe more than 1/2 its length, shorter than spathe; axis naked at base of staminate part and sometimes extending beyond staminate flowers. Flowers: staminate flowers (2--)6--8, in single whorl around central stalk, stamens 2, connate; pistillate flower solitary; ovariesy 1-locular, 4--5 mm; ovules 4--15(--20), orthotropous; styles ca. 3 mm; stigmas obtuse, with small hairs. ; staminate flowers (2--)6--8, in single whorl around central stalk; stamens 2, connate. Fruits with thin pericarp. Seeds light brown, cylindric, 2 ´ 1 mm. 2n = 28 (India, Borneo).
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Floating mat-forming stoloniferous aquatic; stem condensed; leaves shortly petiolate, suboblong, hairy, inflated, in a lettuce-like rosette to c. 30 cm diam. (usually less). Inflorescence mostly solitary, physiognomically axillary, inconspicuous at leaf bases, c. 1 cm long; spathe hairy outside, slightly constricted; limb subcampanulate, white inside; spadix shorter than spathe; female zone a solitary naked pistil adnate to spathe; male zone a stipitate ring of anthers subtended by a membranous collar; appendix absent. Fruit a multi-seeded inconspicuous greenish berry.
A floating herb. This plant looks something like a lettuce and grows on water. The water needs to be stagnant or slow moving. The leaves are produced in a rosette. They are light green. The leaves are hairy and have 7-15 ridges. The plant sends out runners. These end with a tuft of leaves. The leaves overlap and are without stalks. They arise from the same level. Plants are of separate sexes. The female flowers occur singly and are at the base. Male flowers have a single stamen and occur as 2-8 flowers together. They are at the end of the plant.
Plants emitting numerous long, slender roots; primary leaves rounded or broadly obovate, the adult ones numerous, spreading to form a dense rosette, obovate-cuneate or obovate-oblong, broadly rounded or emarginate at the apex, cuneately narrowed to the rather broad, sometimes sub-petiolate base, mostly 5-10 cm. long and 2-5 cm. wide, with 5-15 parallel nerves, these prominent beneath, the blades green or grayish green on the upper surface, pale beneath.
Plant reproducing vegetatively by stolons.. Leaf-blade up to 14 cm. long, 8 cm. broad, spathulate, obconic or oblong, apex rounded to truncate, green, paler and more densely pubescent beneath; main veins 5–7, prominently winged beneath.. Spathe to 1.3 cm. long, whitish green, margins and exterior fimbriate-pilose.. Berry to 0.5 cm. long, 0.3 cm. broad.. Seeds to 0.2 cm. long, 0.1 cm. in diameter, reddish brown.. Fig. 17.
Aquatic, free-floating, small, lettuce-like herb, 100-200 mm in diam., with hanging feathery roots. Leaves in a rosette, up to 150 mm long, soft, thick-ridged, covered densely in short hairs, keeping plants afloat. Inflorescence a spadix wrapped in a white spathe, solitary, at centre of plant, hidden among leaves, with a single female flower below, 2-8 male flowers above. Flowering time Dec.-June.
Aquatic herb. A floating, stoloniferous, stemless herb with a tuft of fibrous roots. Leaves sessile in a rosette, cuneate-obovate, with flabellate veins, raised below. Spathes axillary with very short peduncles, green.
Morphological characters are the same as those of the genus. Plants aquatic, floating. Roots many, pendulous in water, feathery. Leaves in rosettes, 1.3-10 × 1.5-6 cm. Spathe white, 5-12 mm. Fl. May-Nov.
A floating herb, propagates mainly by stolons and forming immense colonies
Flowers obscure beneath the rosette of glandular viscid leaves.
Roots numerous, fibrous, reaching the bottom in shallow water
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support aquatic
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.05 - 1.25
Mature height (meter) 0.1 - 0.2
Root system fibrous-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It is common and widely distributed in low and medium altitudes in the Philippines. It occurs on the surface of stagnant water and slow moving streams. It grows in water fields, lakes, ponds. It occurs in both the tropics and subtropics. It needs temperatures above 12°C. It grows in water rich in nutrients. It is sensitive to frost. It suits hardiness zones 9-11. In Yunnan.
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Water fields, lakes, ponds. Found in a wide range of aquatic habitats at elevations from sea level to over 1,000 metres.
Found in permanent still to slow-moving water having high nutrient levels. 
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 9-12
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-11

Usage

The young leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. They are also added to soups. CAUTION: The plant contains stinging oxalate crystals. These can be removed by boiling and changing the cooking water. The plant also accumulates heavy metals in polluted streams. Ash from the burned plants is used as a salt substitute.
Uses animal food environmental use fodder food fuel gene source material medicinal
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Anthelmintics (leaf), Antitussive agents (leaf), Asthma (leaf), Cough (leaf), Demulcents (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Hemorrhage (leaf), Leprosy (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Syphilis (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Cooling effect on body (leaf), Diuretics (root), Dysuria (root), Emollients (root), Laxatives (root), Abcess (unspecified), Abscess (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Collyrium (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Demulcent (unspecified), Diabetes (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dropsy (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Dysuria (unspecified), Ear (unspecified), Eczema (unspecified), Emollient (unspecified), Eye (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Scalp (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Soap (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Syphilis (unspecified), Tuberculosis (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Venereal (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Cold (unspecified), Hematuria (unspecified), Ringworm (unspecified), Salt (unspecified), Thrush (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Antiseptic (unspecified), Antifungal agents (unspecified), Against bedbugs (unspecified), Demulcents (unspecified), Ear diseases (unspecified), Hemorrhage (unspecified), Scalp dermatoses (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Cooling effect on body (unspecified), Analgesics (whole plant), Anemia (whole plant), Antifungal agents (whole plant), Anti-infective agents, local (whole plant), Demulcents (whole plant), Diabetes mellitus (whole plant), Diuretics (whole plant), Dysentery (whole plant), Dysuria (whole plant), Edema (whole plant), Emaciation (whole plant), Fever (whole plant), Furunculosis (whole plant), Goiter (whole plant), Hematuria (whole plant), Hemorrhage (whole plant), Hemorrhoids (whole plant), Leprosy, lepromatous (whole plant), Neoplasms (whole plant), Pain (whole plant), Pyelonephritis (whole plant), Tuberculosis (whole plant), Urinary bladder diseases (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from pieces of the runners. They can also grow from leaves. They can be grown from seeds.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Pistia stratiotes habit picture by Shehadi Ramiz (cc-by-sa)
Pistia stratiotes habit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-nc)

Leaf

Pistia stratiotes leaf picture by William Wattles (cc-by-sa)
Pistia stratiotes leaf picture by Uday Wali (cc-by-sa)
Pistia stratiotes leaf picture by Chee Keong Chan (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Pistia stratiotes flower picture by Goustan Bodin (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Pistia stratiotes world distribution map, present in Aruba, Afghanistan, Angola, Åland Islands, Andorra, Australia, Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Botswana, Central African Republic, Canada, China, Congo, Colombia, Comoros, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Lesotho, Moldova (Republic of), Madagascar, Maldives, Mali, Myanmar, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Netherlands, Nepal, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Palau, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Suriname, eSwatini, Turks and Caicos Islands, Chad, Togo, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Pistia stratiotes threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:317684-2
WFO ID wfo-0000273956
COL ID 4J9VH
BDTFX ID 79603
INPN ID 447733
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Limnonesis commutata Limnonesis friedrichsthaliana Pistia aethiopica Pistia africana Pistia amazonica Pistia brasiliensis Pistia commutata Pistia crispata Pistia cumingii Pistia gardneri Pistia horkeliana Pistia leprieurii Pistia linguiformis Pistia aegyptiaca Pistia minor Pistia natalensis Pistia obcordata Pistia occidentalis Pistia schleideniana Pistia spathulata Pistia texensis Pistia turpinii Pistia weigeltiana Pistia turpini Zala asiatica Pistia stratiotes var. obcordata Pistia stratiotes var. spathulata Pistia stratiotes var. linguiformis Pistia stratiotes var. cuneata Apiospermum obcordatum Pistia stratiotes