Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth

Hard shield-fern (en), Polystic à aiguillons (fr), Polystic à frondes munies d'aiguillons (fr)

Species

Pteridophytes > Polypodiales > Dryopteridaceae > Dryopteridoideae > Polystichum

Characteristics

Plants evergreen. Rhizome erect, densely covered with broadly lanceolate brown scales. Fronds ca. 60 cm; stipe amber, ca. 12 cm, ca. 5 mm in diam. at base, densely scaly; scales brown, ovate and lanceolate. Lamina bipinnate, broadly oblanceolate, ca. 60 × 12 cm, slightly contracted toward base, acuminate; rachis without proliferous bulbils, scaly on both surfaces, scales lanceolate and linear, margins ciliate. Pinnae ca. 38 pairs, alternate, slightly ascendant, linear-lanceolate, middle pairs 6-7 × ca. 1.5 cm, obliquely broadly cuneate or nearly rounded, shortly stalked, pinnate, acuminate. Pinnules 8-12 pairs, alternate, slightly ascendant, approximate, obliquely oblong, acroscopic bases indistinctly auriculate, obliquely cuneate, margins with small spinulose forward-pointing teeth, apices acute and spinulose; basal acroscopic pinnules largest, 1-1.5 cm × 4-6 mm; abaxially scaly; microscales filiform, strongly ciliate at base; frond texture leathery; venation pinnate on pinnules, indistinct. Sori in 1 row on each side of midrib; indusia present, entire or incised.
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A medium sized fern. It grows 60-90 cm high and 30-74 cm wide. The rhizome is tufted. It has broad, arching, vase shaped shuttlecocks. These are formed by the narrow, sword shaped, divided fronds. The fronds are leathery and dark green. They produce clear rows of brown spores underneath.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support -
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination hydrogamy
Spread anemochory
Mature width (meter) 0.5 - 1.0
Mature height (meter) 0.55 - 0.8
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It is frost hardy. It grows in damp rocky country. In NW China it grows in Picea forests at about 1,900 m above sea level.
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Deciduous woodland, often on limy soils, and sometimes on shaded limestone outcrops. Especially in the wetter areas of Britain.
Light 1-5
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 3-7
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-8

Usage

The tender parts are used as a vegetable. They are used in curries.
Uses medicinal
Edible fronds leaves roots
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Mode -
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Polystichum aculeatum habit picture by Jan Schulte (cc-by-sa)
Polystichum aculeatum habit picture by Kai Best (cc-by-sa)
Polystichum aculeatum habit picture by David Hocken (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Polystichum aculeatum leaf picture by Sylvain Cardon (cc-by-sa)
Polystichum aculeatum leaf picture by Daniel Bourget (cc-by-sa)
Polystichum aculeatum leaf picture by Ugoline Jacquot (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Polystichum aculeatum flower picture by Stephan Gerbeaud (cc-by-sa)
Polystichum aculeatum flower picture by Tomaž Jančar (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Polystichum aculeatum fruit picture by serge muyard (cc-by-sa)
Polystichum aculeatum fruit picture by Boon Daniel (cc-by-sa)
Polystichum aculeatum fruit picture by David Hocken (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Polystichum aculeatum world distribution map, present in Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Switzerland, China, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Algeria, Spain, Estonia, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Georgia, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Morocco, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17413440-1
WFO ID wfo-0001239724
COL ID 4LMKP
BDTFX ID 51891
INPN ID 115041
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Phymatodes plukenetii Aetopteron aculeatum Aspidium bosniacum Aspidium haleakalense Hypopeltis aculeata Nephrodium aculeatum Dryopteris aculeata Polystichum stipitatum Aspidium plukenetii Aspidium pseudolonchitis Dryopteris lobata Aspidium sublobatum Polypodium aculeatum Polypodium lobatum Hypopeltis lobulata Aspidium aculeatum Polystichum aculeatum Tectaria aculeata Polystichum plukenetii Aspidium lobatum Polystichum lobatum Aspidium lobatum var. rigidum