Protium Burm.F.

Genus

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Burseraceae

Characteristics

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate or rarely 1-foliolate, petiolate; leaflets (1-)3-9(-13), usually distinctly acuminate, the margin usually entire, petiolulate; stipules absent. Inflorescenses axillary or rarely subterminal panicles or racemes. Flowers 4-5-merous, sessile or pedicellate, functionally unisexual; calyx 4-5-lobed, imbricate, persistent in fruit; petals 4-5, free, usually some-what fleshy, induplicate-valvate, deciduous; stamens 8-10, slightly reduced and abortive in carpellate flowers, the filaments subulate to setose, free, inserted at the base of the disc, the anthers more or less oblong, dorsifixed to basifixed; disc 8-10-lobed, annular or cupuliform, thick, fleshy, pubescent to glabrous; gynoeci-um, 4-5-carpelled, the ovary 4-5-lobed and-loculed, ovoid or globose, pubescent to glabrous, abortive in staminate flowers, the ovules 2 per locule, subapical, col-lateral, pendulous, the style short, the stigma capitate, 4-5-lobed, usually persist-ent in fruit. Fruit drupaceous, globose to ovoid, ellipsoid, or turbinate, often somewhat oblique, mesocarp fleshy and resinous, usually dehiscent by 2-5 valves; pyrenes 1-5, smooth, bony, 1-seeded; embryo straight, the cotyledons simple and plano-convex.
More
Small trees. Branchlet pith without vascular strands. Leaves odd-pinnate, alternate, exstipulate; leaflets with petiolule, apex cuspidate. Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles, unisexual, bisexual, or polygamous. Calyx cupular or campanulate, shallowly 4-or 5-lobed, lobes imbricate in bud, recurved, persistent but not enlarged in fruit. Petals 5, valvate, apex incurved in bud, later recurved. Stamens as many as or 2 × as many as petals or more, distinct, inserted outside of disk, reduced in females but probably fertile; disk fleshy and thick, glabrous, flattened in male flowers, annular or cupular in female or bisexual flowers, grooved; filaments glabrous. Ovary 4-or 5-celled, glabrous or pubescent, globose or ovoid, reduced in male flowers; ovules 2 in each cell; style short or long; stigma capitate or shallowly 4-or 5-lobed. Drupe globose, ovoid, or somewhat compressed, apex with rudiment of style; pyrenes 4 or 5 (some often degenerated), rarely 1 or 2, bony with thin coat; cotyledons folded, palmate.
Trees, occasionally shrubs. Pith of the branchlets without vascular strands. Leaves without stipules; pith of the petioles without vascular strands; tips of the leaflets usually distinctly mucronulate. Inflorescences axillary, sometimes pseudo-terminal. Flowers 5-4-merous, possibly not always fully unisexual. Sepals more or less connate. Stamens twice as many as the petals, free, in female flowers very slightly reduced, possibly sometimes fertile. Disk intrastaminal, annular, truncate to undulate, glabrous. Pistil isomerous, glabrous or pubescent, in male flowers usually slightly reduced, often with sterile ovules in the cells. Fruits drupaceous, globose to ovoid, when dry the number of lobes coinciding with the number of developed stones; pericarp fleshy, containing the thin-walled, bony pyrenes; usually 1 or 2 cells nearly totally reduced; calyx persistent, not enlarged, lobes reflexed. Cotyledons plicate, lobed to palmatifld.
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Growth form tree
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Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
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Environment

In Malaysia both under everwet and seasonal conditions, up to c. 800 m. Apparently fl. and fr. throughout the year, though flowers seem to be most abundant in the dry season and fruits in the wet season.
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Hardiness (USDA) 8-12

Usage

Uses medicinal
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Cultivation

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Images

Protium unspecified picture

Distribution

Protium world distribution map, present in American Samoa, China, Algeria, India, Madagascar, Malaysia, Panama, and Papua New Guinea

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331880-2
WFO ID wfo-4000031258
COL ID 6XKD
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 627901
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Tetragastris Marignia Tingulonga Crepidospermum Icica Hedwigia Protium

Lower taxons

Protium carolense Protium macrocarpum Protium amazonicum Protium warmingianum Protium reticulatum Protium tenuifolium Protium subacuminatum Protium spruceanum Protium robustum Protium calanense Protium baracoense Protium attenuatum Protium llanorum Protium maestrense Protium macrosepalum Protium laxiflorum Protium carana Protium opacum Protium icicariba Protium divaricatum Protium decandrum Protium dawsonii Protium costaricense Protium connarifolium Protium crassipetalum Protium guianense Protium grandifolium Protium glaziovii Protium glabrum Protium ferrugineum Protium araguense Protium apiculatum Protium panamense Protium ptarianum Protium trifoliolatum Protium tovarense Protium paniculatum Protium aidanianum Protium buenaventurense Protium macgregorii Protium javanicum Protium obtusifolium Protium giganteum Protium nervosum Protium cranipyrenum Protium cundinamarcense Protium elegans Protium crenatum Protium glomerulosum Protium glaucescens Protium altsonii Protium calendulinum Protium urophyllidium Protium fragrans Protium amplum Protium brasiliense Protium carnosum Protium colombianum Protium ecuadorense Protium glaucum Protium klugii Protium krukoffii Protium melinonis Protium ovatum Protium pilosellum Protium pilosissimum Protium pullei Protium puncticulatum Protium unifoliolatum Protium veneralense Protium widgrenii Protium beandou Protium madagascariense Protium glabrescens Protium peruvianum Protium pittieri Protium multiramiflorum Protium nitidifolium Protium gallosum Protium hebetatum Protium pallidum Protium nodulosum Protium strumosum Protium vestitum Protium macrophyllum Protium macgregori Protium meridionale Protium rhynchophyllum Protium bangii Protium montanum Protium pilosum Protium occultum Protium mcleodii Protium guacayanum Protium minutiflorum Protium morii Protium inodorum Protium gallicum Protium kleinii Protium cubense Protium retusum Protium pecuniosum Protium serratum Protium yunnanense Protium rubrum Protium atlanticum Protium breviacuminatum Protium bahianum Protium aguilarii Protium hammelii Protium picramnioides Protium rhoifolium Protium surinamense Protium osseum Protium varians Protium excelsior Protium cuneifolium Protium aracouchili Protium alvarezianum Protium pristifolium Protium polybotryum Protium beandon Protium leptostachyum Protium mucronatum Protium coriaceum Protium lucidum Protium goudotianum Protium prancei Protium multijugum Protium brenesii Protium boomii Protium tonkinense Protium copal Protium cuneatum Protium aracouchini Protium heptaphyllum Protium subserratum Protium confusum Protium plagiocarpium Protium sagotianum Protium ravenii Protium demerarense