Rhamnus alaternus L.

Italian buckthorn (en), Nerprun Alaterne (fr), Nerprun alaterne (fr), Alaterne (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Rhamnaceae > Rhamnus

Characteristics

Shrub 1.5–3 m high, sparsely simple-pubescent on young growth. Leaves alternate, glabrous; lamina elliptic to broadly ovate, (15–) 30–50 (–75) mm long, (10–) 15–25 (–40) mm wide, base cuneate or obtuse, margin serrulate, apex acute; petiole (3–) 7–12 mm long; stipules narrowly triangular, 1–1.2 mm long. Inflorescences stout, axillary pseudoracemes with pubescent axes and persistent, triangular bracts, with numerous male flowers and a few bisexual ones at the apex. Pedicels 0.5–1.5 mm long. Hypanthium 1.5–2 mm diam., glabrous. Sepals spreading or recurved, 1.2–1.8 mm long. Petals absent. Stamens (in males) erect, 1.3–1.5 mm long. Carpels 3 (or 4); style 1.4–1.7 mm long. Fruit obovoid to globular, 4–5 mm long.
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Evergreen shrub to c. 5 m high, often < 1 m in exposed sites. Shoots angular, hairy, usually purple when young. Stipules subulate. Petiole 3-11 mm long, hairy, at least on upper side. Lamina 1.5-6 × 1-3 cm (sometimes smaller on flowering shoots), elliptic or elliptic-obovate, coriaceous, glossy above, becoming glabrous except for base of midrib below, entire to crenate-serrulate; base cuneate; apex acute or mucronate. Fls green, fragrant, usually in hairy bracteate racemes, sometimes infl. racemose-paniculate. Calyx lobes 4-(5), < tube, 1.7-2 mm long, reflexed, usually red-margined. Petals 0. Stamens 1-1.7 mm long. Drupe (4)-5-7 mm long, broad-obovoid, dark glossy red, becoming black.
Shrubs, 0.5–6(–10) m, unarmed. Branchlets purplish brown, puberulent. Leaves persistent, alternate; petiole 4–10 mm; blade dull to glossy yellowish green on both surfaces, elliptic to elliptic-obovate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 2–4(–6) cm, distinctly coriaceous, base acute to obtuse, margins sharply serrate to spinulose-serrate, apex acute to subspinulose, both surfaces glabrous except abaxial vein axils tomentose; secondary veins (3–)4–5 pairs, basal pair diverging much more acutely than distal pairs. Inflorescences cymes or flowers solitary. Pedicels 2–6 mm. Sepals 5. Petals 0. Drupes dark red, becoming black, globose, 5–7 mm; stones 3.
A small tree.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination
Spread endozoochory
Mature width (meter) 4.0
Mature height (meter) 4.67 - 5.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) 0.4
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Dry places in scrub and maquis, especially on limestone; at elevations up to 1,660 metres. Dry sunny, pebbly and stony slopes of the lower mountain belt.
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Occasionally adventive near towns and old gardens. Invasive in bushland and in coastal scrub and dunes (Richardson et al. 2016).
It is a Mediterranean climate plant.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 1-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 7-9

Usage

Cultivated as a garden ornamental or hedging plant.
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The fruit are eaten raw.
Uses animal food dye environmental use material medicinal oil ornamental wood
Edible fruits
Therapeutic use Lactogogue (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Rhamnus alaternus habit picture by Mia Alice (cc-by-sa)
Rhamnus alaternus habit picture by Philippe Macquet (cc-by-sa)
Rhamnus alaternus habit picture by Jorge Alcauza (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Rhamnus alaternus leaf picture by Sciberras J. (cc-by-sa)
Rhamnus alaternus leaf picture by Raúl Fernández Recio (cc-by-sa)
Rhamnus alaternus leaf picture by Philippe Buisset (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Rhamnus alaternus flower picture by Georges Olioso (cc-by-sa)
Rhamnus alaternus flower picture by Vinciane Bertrand (cc-by-sa)
Rhamnus alaternus flower picture by Manolo García (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Rhamnus alaternus fruit picture by Michael Oberschelp (cc-by-sa)
Rhamnus alaternus fruit picture by Roberto Righini (cc-by-sa)
Rhamnus alaternus fruit picture by Antoine Fournier (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Rhamnus alaternus world distribution map, present in Australia, France, and New Zealand

Conservation status

Rhamnus alaternus threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:718169-1
WFO ID wfo-0000462513
COL ID 4RZWK
BDTFX ID 55789
INPN ID 117526
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Rhamnus philyca Rhamnus picenensis Rhamnus coriacea Rhamnus x jacobi-salvadorii Alaternus angustifolia Alaternus integrifolius Alaternus lanceolatus Alaternus latifolia Alaternus ovatus Alaternus phylica Alaternus rotundifolia Rhamnus clusii Rhamnus hispanica Rhamnus alaternus Alaternus balearica Alaternus glabra Alaternus hispanicus Alaternus variegata Rhamnus racemosa Rhamnus alaternus var. hispanica Rhamnus alaternus var. vulgaris Rhamnus alaternus var. angustifolia Rhamnus tripolitana

Lower taxons

Rhamnus alaternus subsp. munozgarmendiae Rhamnus alaternus subsp. pendula