Rubus rosifolius Sm.

West indian raspberry (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Rosaceae > Rubus

Characteristics

Erect or scrambling, rarely climbing shrubs, up to l(-3) m high. Stems soft-hairy, glabrescent, prickles usually rather few, curved to straight, 1-5 mm. Sessile, pale yellow glands usually present on many parts of the plants. Leaves imparipinnate, up to 18 cm long, petiole 1-5.5 cm long. Stipules linear, 4-9 by 0.5-1 mm, entire. Leaflets in (1-) 2-3(-4) opposite pairs, ovate to ovate-oblong, sometimes elliptic to oblong, 2-6 by 1-2.5 cm, terminal leaflets up to 8 by 4 cm, base acute to cordate, margin biserrate, apex acute to long-tapering, papyraceous, (4—)7—9(—11) pairs of nerves, both surfaces soft-hairy. Inflorescence with up to 4 dichasia in the axils of the upper (reduced) leaves, rarely longer than 10 cm, with up to 10 flowers. Pedicels up to 4 cm long, hairy. Hypanthium 4-6.5 mm across, with scattered hairs and many glands outside. Sepals ovate to narrowly triangular, 7-15 (-22) by 2-5 mm, including the up to 5 mm acumen, entire, indumentum outside as hypanthium and shortly woolly on the covered margins. Petals falling early, broadly obovate to ovate, 8-17 by 6-12 mm, obtuse, white. Stamens 60-140, filaments up to 8 mm, anthers 0.5-0.8 mm long. Pistils up to c. 600, ovaries with some apical hairs and usually many shortly stalked pale glands, on elevated, hairy torus with pistils down to the base, style up to 2 mm long. Collective fruits ovoid to globose or ellipsoid, up to 2.5 cm across, sepals recurved. Fruits c. 1.5 mm long when dry, red, mesocarp juicy, only a thin layer when dry.
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A handsome scrambling shrub up to 2.5 m. tall, with erect or arching stems covered although scarcely densely so with long spreading white hairs interspersed with scattered or locally numerous amber-green glands.. Prickles scattered, small, up to 3 mm. long, straight or abruptly decurved.. Leaves imparipinnate (or the uppermost simple), 3–5-jugate (5–7(–11)-jugate on the turions); leaflets up to 7.5–9 × 3.5 cm., ovate to oblong-lanceolate, long drawn-out to an acute apex and with a shortly cuneate, rounded or ± truncate base, jaggedly doubly-serrated, the primary serratures saw-like, up to 5 mm. deep, covered above and below with rather long whitish hairs but usually more sparsely so and paler green beneath.. Inflorescence consisting of axillary and terminal flowers, borne singly on pedicels 2–4 cm. long.. Flowers (2–)2.5–3(–4) cm. in diameter when fully open.. Calyx deeply divided; lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate with a caudate apex, 8–20 mm. long, connate for 3–4 mm. at the base, exceeding the petals.. Petals white turning to pink, broadly ovate to subcircular.. Carpels not more than 1 mm. long, produced “in hundreds.” Receptacle elongating, becoming ellipsoid-cylindrical, up to 2 cm. long (? more) when fully mature.. Ripe fruit scarlet, glistening, edible.
Low-growing, suckering, softly woody shrub; stems terete, hairy and with sessile glands, especially when young, purplish green; armature of flattened, falcate prickles. Lvs usually imparipinnate with 2-3 pairs of leaflets, rarely pinnately 3-foliolate, rugose and with many short hairs and sessile glands on both surfaces, 2-serrate; terminal leaflet lamina ovate-lanceolate, 25-60 × 10-20 mm, acuminate, rounded at base, petiolulate; stipules lanceolate. Infl. a few-flowered, leafy cyme or fls solitary; axis prickly. Fls up to 30 mm diam. Sepals ovate, acuminate, densely hairy, with sessile glands. Petals obovate, flat, white. Stamen filaments white. Fr. of waxy, red drupelets, ± conic, c. 15 mm long.
A spiny evergreen creeping shrub. It grows to 3 m high and spreads to 3 m across. The stem is trailing and forms suckers. The leaves have 3 to 7 leaflets on opposite sides of the stalk. These are either smooth or hairy with lobed edges. The leaflets are 1-9 cm long. The flowers are white and 3 cm across. The fruit are red and about 1.5 to 2 cm across. They occur on their own or in clusters. They are juicy and tasteless. They have several seeds inside which are very tiny.
Leaflets narrowly ovate-acute to-acuminate, the terminal one larger than the laterals and more gradually tapered at the apex; margins jaggedly doubly serrated, the primary serratures (2)6 mm. deep; superior surface green, sparsely pilose; inferior surface paler green, pilose on veins, the midrib not or very sparsely prickly.
Leaves 7–15 x 3·5–10 cm., 2–3-jugate or the uppermost ternate or simple; petiole and rhachis villous, with a few weakly hooked prickles 1–2 mm. long; lateral leaflets subsessile, the terminal one with petiolule 0·3–1·0 cm. long.
Suberect shrublet, up to 1 m high. Leaves 7-9-foliolate, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, twice as long as broad. Fruits red, adhering to torus. Flowers white.
Fruit ellipsoid, up to 2 cm. long, yellow to scarlet and edible when ripe; carpels borne “in hundreds”, c. 1 mm. long, glabrous.
Low straggling perennial herb, the stems, leaves and carpels usually dotted with glistening sessile greenish-yellow glands.
Flowering branches villous, reddish-brown, sparsely prickly; prickles up to 3 mm. long, straight or weakly decurved.
Calyx tomentose and weakly villous, deeply divided; lobes c. 13 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate with caudate apex.
Petals a little shorter than to slightly exceeding sepals, broadly obovate, white.
Flowers solitary, terminal and axillary; pedicels 0·5–2·0 cm. long.
Receptacle elongating when mature.
Stipules delicate, filiform.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support -
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.75
Mature height (meter) 2.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) 0.1
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It can grow in the lowlands and highlands. Plants are resistant to drought and frost. They are common in forests of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao in the Philippines at low and medium altitudes. They are common in the highlands. In Papua New Guinea, Rubus rosifolius grows from 750-2800 m altitude. It suits hardiness zones 9-11.
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Forest margins, disturbed areas, landslide-affected land, abandoned fields, pastures, and roadsides Hillsides in gullies, rock seams and bases of walls in China. Damp eucalyptus forest, rainforest edges, paddocks and roadsides in Australia
Forest margins, disturbed areas, landslide-affected land, abandoned fields, pastures, and roadsides Hillsides in gullies, rock seams and bases of walls in China. Damp eucalyptus forest, rainforest edges, paddocks and roadsides in Australia
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

Uses Because of its easy growth, nice flowers and edible fruits often cultivated in sunny gardens, within and outside its natural area. Quisumbing Medic. Pl. Philipp. 1951 354 , records the use of a decoction of roots as an expectorant.
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The fruit are eaten raw. They can also be stewed with sugar or made into jam. The young leaves are also eaten.
Uses animal food breeding dye environmental use erosion control food hedge leaf vegetable material medicinal social use
Edible flowers fruits leaves
Therapeutic use Convulsion (unspecified), Detoxicant (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Finger (unspecified), Hematemesis (unspecified), Psychosis (unspecified), Witchcraft (unspecified), Yaws (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Burn (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Enuresis (unspecified), Scald (unspecified), Liqueur (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. They both grow wild. The fruit are crushed in water and the seeds float free. These are left overnight when the seeds sink and the flesh floats. Seeds can take 3 months to germinate. They could be grown by division of the root or from cuttings. Cuttings grown easily.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment stratification
Minimum temperature (C°) -7
Optimum temperature (C°) 14 - 20
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Rubus rosifolius habit picture by Trap Hers (cc-by-sa)
Rubus rosifolius habit picture by Fabien Anthelme (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Rubus rosifolius leaf picture by Nathalie Romeuf (cc-by-sa)
Rubus rosifolius leaf picture by Leonardo Leite (cc-by-sa)
Rubus rosifolius leaf picture by Clément Walter (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Rubus rosifolius flower picture by Nathalie Romeuf (cc-by-sa)
Rubus rosifolius flower picture by Alexandre Andrade (cc-by-sa)
Rubus rosifolius flower picture by Lignos Alexandre (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Rubus rosifolius fruit picture by Nathalie Romeuf (cc-by-sa)
Rubus rosifolius fruit picture by Wanessa Martins (cc-by-sa)
Rubus rosifolius fruit picture by Fred COUBES (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Rubus rosifolius world distribution map, present in Argentina, Australia, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, China, Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Equatorial Guinea, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Japan, Cambodia, Saint Lucia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Montserrat, Martinique, Mauritius, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Nepal, New Zealand, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Réunion, El Salvador, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:737741-1
WFO ID wfo-0001007197
COL ID 4TLJ2
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 445921
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Rubus rosifolius Rubus comintanus Rubus glandulosopunctatus Rubus hopingensis Rubus tagallus Rubus taiwanianus Rubus commersonii Rubus sinensis Rubus rosaefolius Rubus coronarius Rubus commersonii var. simpliciflorus Rubus thunbergii var. glabellus Rubus rosifolius var. rosifolius Rubus rosifolius var. wuyishanensis Rubus jamaicensis Rubus rosifolius var. rubrocarpus Rubus rosifolius

Lower taxons

Rubus rosifolius var. inermis