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Hypanthium small, flat to hemispheric; sep usually 5, valvate, spreading to reflexed, commonly with a shortly caudate tip; bractlets none; pet as many as the sep, erect or spreading, spatulate to obovate or elliptic; stamens numerous; pistils numerous, inserted on a convex to conic receptacle that often elongates in fr; ovules 2, collateral, only one maturing; style filiform or clavate; fr a cluster of drupelets, falling together (or sometimes separately), the receptacle falling with the cluster of drupelets or remaining attached to the pedicel; shrubs or less often perennial herbs, very often prickly, with simple or more commonly compound, serrate or lobed lvs and small to large, perfect or unisexual, white to pink or red fls; infl determinate, but commonly with the aspect of a raceme or corymb or panicle; x=7. 200+, cosmop.In subgenera Rubus and Idaeobatus the plant sends up from a perennial base a series of biennial stems. During their first year these are termed primocanes; they are usually unbranched and normally do not fl. During their second year they are known as floricanes; they increase no more in length, but emit a number of short lateral branches with a few lvs and usually a terminal fl or infl. The lvs of the primocane are compound; those of the floricane are often partly simple, and often of a different shape. Most of the spp. of subg. Rubus grow in disturbed habitats, often representing an early stage in plant succession. Different species may grow intermingled in such places. Some of the same species also grow in more stable habitats, with some sorting out of species by habitat. The taxonomy of Rubus is complicated by hybridization, polyploidy, and apomixis. The subgenus Rubus (blackberries) is particularly difficult, and the conservative treatment here presented is subject to extensive change when a proper biosystematic study can be made. Some of the many names listed in synonymy should probably be transferred to the partial list of putative hybrids, hybrid segregates, and local populations of hybrid origin presented below. R. ×aculiferus Fernald = R. allegheniensis × setosus R. ×adjacens Fernald = R. hispidus × setosusR. ×alter L. H. Bailey = R. hispidus × setosusR. ×arcuans Fernald & H. St. John = R. recurvicaulis × setosus R. ×bicknellii L. H. Bailey = R. recurvicaulis × setosusR. ×biformispinus Blanch. = R. allegheniensis × hispidusR. ×biformispinus Blanch. = R. allegheniensis × hispidusR. ×blanchardianus L. H. Bailey = R. hispidus × setosusR. ×electus L. H. Bailey = R. allegheniensis × hispidus R. ×glandicaulis Blanch. = R. allegheniensis × setosus R. ×harmonicus L. H. Bailey = R. hispidus × setosus R. ×jacens Blanch. = R. hispidus × setosusR. ×jactus L. H. Bailey = R. allegheniensis × hispidus [Continued]
Shrubs or subshrubs, deciduous, rarely evergreen or semievergreen, sometimes perennial creeping dwarf herbs. Stems erect, climbing, arching, or prostrate, glabrous or hairy, usually with prickles or bristles, sometimes with glandular hairs, rarely unarmed. Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple, palmately or pinnately compound, divided or undivided, toothed, glabrous or hairy, sometimes with glandular hairs, bristles, or glands; stipules persistent, ± adnate to petiole basally, undivided or occasionally lobed, persistent or caducous, near base of petiole or at junction of stem and petiole, free, usually dissected, occasionally entire. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual and plants dioecious, in cymose panicles, racemes, or corymbs, or several in clusters or solitary. Calyx expanded, sometimes with a short, broad tube; sepals persistent, erect or reflexed, (4 or)5(–8). Petals usually 5, rarely more, occasionally absent, white, pink, or red, glabrous or hairy, margin entire, rarely premorse. Stamens numerous, sometimes few, inserted at mouth of hypanthium; filaments filiform; anthers didymous. Carpels many, rarely few, inserted on convex torus, each carpel becoming a drupelet or drupaceous achene; locule 1; ovules 2, only 1 developing, collateral, pendulous; style filiform, subterminal, glabrous or hairy; stigma simple, capitate. Drupelets or drupaceous achenes aggregated on semispherical, conical, or cylindrical torus, forming an aggregate fruit, separating from torus and aggregate hollow, or adnate to torus and falling with torus attached at maturity and aggregate solid; seed pendulous, testa membranous; cotyledons plano-convex.
Shrubs (see under Morphology), usually climbing, straggling or creeping, rarely erect, only few species herbaceous. Twigs and other parts nearly always with prickles. Leaves compound (pinnately or palmately structured) or simple, then usually incised. Stipules free, on the base of the petiole or at the junction of twig and petiole, persistent or fugacious, rarely absent. Inflorescences terminal, elaborately branched with the lowermost branches often in the axils of the upper leaves, or little or not branched and in axillary bundles, or (rarely) strongly reduced and flowers (sub)solitary. Flowers 5-merous, mostly bisexual, rarely unisexual and the plants ± dioecious. Sepals imbricate, often unequal, outer margins often lobed. Petals normally longer than sepals, rarely partly or entirely absent, white, less commonly cream-coloured, pink, purplish, or red. Stamens many. Pistils many, rarely few, free, on a mostly elevated torus; ovaries 1-locular; style terminal, stigma capitate or bifid; ovules 2, only 1 developing. Fruits cohering and falling as a collective fruit with or without the torus, or (rarely) coming loose individually, drupes with usually a juicy or fleshy mesocarp and a hard and rugose endocarp. Seed with thin testa.
Shrubs or subshrubs, sometimes perennial herbs, often suckering or layering; habit partially erect with arching or flexuous branches, or lianoid or scrambling; stems biennial or perennial, sometimes rooting at apices, usually armed with prickles or pricklets or both, sometimes densely tomentose or pilose, sometimes glandular. Lvs distributed along stems, alternate, petiolate, imparipinnate or palmate with 3-7 toothed or lobed leaflets, occasionally reduced to a single leaflet or simple and palmately lobed with coalescing leaflets; stipules free or adnate to petiole, small-to medium-sized, persistent or deciduous. Fls often in leafy racemes or panicles, or solitary, usually born on shoots of previous year's growth, usually 5-merous, usually ☿, rarely unisexual, pedicellate, often showy. Hypanthium with a large, often convex carpophore. Epicalyx 0. Calyx of 5 sepals, sometimes conspicuous and leafy. Petals 5 or rarely more, white to pink or rarely yellowish or purple. Stamens numerous, rarely few, arising from hypanthium rim. Ovary superior; carpels usually numerous; styles usually deciduous; ovules 2 but 1 aborting. Fr. a fleshy aggregate of 1-seeded drupelets.
Woody plants, erect or trailing or somewhat climbing, bearing flowers and fruits on canes of the second year; in the first year the growths from the root are called primocanes, and in the second year are known as floricanes when they bear fruit and perish; axes usually bear sharp prickles, and often hairs and stalked glands; leaves (in the known Panama species) 3-foliolate or 5-foliolate except sometimes a few of them simple in the inflorescence, frequently more or less per-sisting until the following year; inflorescence racemiform or paniculiform, axillary and usually terminating the canes, pedicels often lengthening in fruit; flowers perfect and complete (in our species); calyx 5-lobed, sometimes glandiferous; petals 5, distinct; stamens numerous, surpassing the head of many small closely packed pistils; fruit a syncarp composed of small simple coherent drupelets that are either attached as a body to the receptacle (blackberries) or forming a cap (raspberries) that falls intact from the receptacle.
[Continued] R. ×laevior (L. H. Bailey) Fernald = R. allegheniensis × hispidus R. ×licitus L. H. Bailey = R. allegheniensis × pensilvanicusR. ×mainensis L. H. Bailey = R. flagellaris × hispidusR. ×miscix L. H. Bailey = R. pensilvanicus × setosusR. ×montpelierensis L. H. Bailey = R. allegheniensis × setosusR. ×neglectus Peck = R. idaeus × occidentalisR. ×peculiaris Blanch. = R. pensilvanicus × setosus R. ×permixtus Blanch. = R. allegheniensis × hispidus R. ×pudens L. H. Bailey = R. hispidus × setosusR. ×ravus L. H. Bailey = R. allegheniensis × setosusR. ×rixosus L. H. Bailey = R. hispidus × setosusR. ×rosa L. H. Bailey = R. allegheniensis × pensilvanicus R. ×sanfordii L. H. Bailey = R. allegheniensis × hispidus R. ×sceleratus Fernald = R. allegheniensis × setosusR. ×severus Fernald = R. recurvicaulis × setosus R. ×tholiformis Fernald = R. hispidus × setosus R. ×trifrons Blanch. = R. hispidus × setosusR. ×vigoratus L. H. Bailey = R. hispidus × setosus R. ×viridifrons L. H. Bailey = R. hispidus × setosus
Shrubs or scramblers, erect or with long, ± arching sterile shoots (turions) arising from the base and rooting if and when touching the ground. Stems pruinose or not, armed in tropical East African species with prickles, glabrous varying to villous or tomentose, sometimes abundantly covered with ± reddish bristly hairs or stipitate glands. Leaves of tropical East African species petiolate, stipulate, simple, trifoliate, imparipinnate, quinnate or septenate. Flowers perigynous. Calyx-lobes 5, clasping, spreading or reflexing, connate near the base. Petals 5, often much reduced or absent. Stamens many, the filaments commonly glabrous. Carpels many, each containing two ovules, aggregated into a head. Fruit consisting of many one-seeded drupes crowded together on an enlarged or elongated receptacle, which may or may not come away when ripe.
Fls perfect or unisexual, in panicles or racemes, rarely solitary; receptacle broad; sepals 5, persistent; petals 5; stamens ∞; carpels ∞, on convex receptacle. Fr. of aggregated 1-seeded drupelets; seed pend. Scrambling, us. ± prickly shrubs or lianes; lvs us. palmately lobed or compound, stipules adnate to petiole. Cosmopolitan with c. 1000 spp.; the N.Z. spp. endemic.
Flowers sometimes solitary, more usually in dense or open many-flowered inflorescences borne at and near the ends of branches. Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, slightly perigynous.
Prickly shrubs, sometimes glandular (but rarely so in the F.Z. area); stems scrambling, trailing or occasionally prostrate, often becoming thick and woody and hollow with age.
Leaves alternate, petiolate, stipulate, trifoliolate, imparipinnate with 2–3(4) pairs of lateral leaflets, or the uppermost leaves sometimes simple.
Carpels many (c. 15–100 +), borne on a spongy elongate receptacle, developing into drupelets, the fruit usually sweet and edible.
Petals 5, alternating with sepals, inserted on margin of perigynous cup, conspicuous or inconspicuous, or sometimes absent.
Perigynous zone (= calyx-tube) shallowly cup-shaped; calyx segments 5, equal, longer than calyx-tube.
Stipules filiform, linear or obovate, free or adnate to the base of the petiole.
Leaflets with serrated margins, glabrous to densely hairy.
Stamens 8, inserted on rim of cup.
Ovules 2, one of them aborting.
