Schinziophyton rautanenii (Schinz) Radcl.-sm.

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Euphorbiaceae > Schinziophyton

Characteristics

A shrub, or tree up to 20 m tall, with a rounded or spreading crown, and with a trunk up to c. 1 m d.b.h. Bark pale grey, whitish or light brown, smooth at first, later becoming reticulate and flaking, and grey-green beneath. Wood white, very soft. Twigs thick, exuding white gum; twigs, petioles and inflorescence axes ferrugineous stellate-pubescent at first, later scurfily stellate-pulverulent. Leaves digitately compound, (3)5-7-foliolate. Stipules 3-5 x 2-3 mm. Petioles 6-25 cm long; glands 2-4, usually at the petiole apex, prominent, green; petiolules 0.5-1.5 cm long. Leaflets elliptic-ovate to oblanceolate, rarely 3-lobed; median leaflet 5-18 x 2-9 cm, the lateral leaflets slightly smaller; all leaflets obtuse or acute and shortly acuminate at the apex, usually somewhat asymmetrically rounded-cuneate at the base, entire or subentire, edged with marginal dark green gland dots on upper or lower surfaces, densely ferrugineous or fulvous stellate-pubescent on upper surface, later glabrescent, paler or whitish stellate-tomentose beneath; lateral nerves in 6-16 pairs. Male inflorescences 10-22 x 4-8 cm; bracts 3-10 mm long. Male flowers: pedicels 2-5 mm long; calyx lobes 5 x 2.5-3 mm, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, stellate-pubescent without and within; petals 6-7 x 2-3 mm, elliptic-oblong, emarginate-subtruncate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous except within at the base, pale lemon-yellow to whitish, drying dark brown; disk glands c. 1 x 1 mm; stamens c. 7 mm long, anthers 0.75 x 0.5 mm. Female inflorescences 5-6 x 2-3 cm; bracts as in the male. Female flowers: pedicels 7-10 mm, stouter than in the male flowers; calyx lobes 8-9 x 5-6 mm, broadly ovate, subacute or obtuse, indumented as in the male; petals 9 x 4 mm, glabrous, otherwise more or less as in the male; disk 4 mm in diameter; ovary 7 x 5 x 3 mm, densely stellate-pubescent; styles 5 mm long. Fruit 3-5 x 2-3.5 cm when dried, up to 7 x 5 cm when fresh, densely stellate-tomentose at first, later glabrescent, green, becoming pale yellow; exocarp [as 'exopcarp'] thin, mesocarp 3-4 mm thick, endocarp 4-5 mm thick. Seeds 1.8-2.5 x 1.6-2 cm, compressed-ellipsoid.
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A large spreading tree. It has a sturdy trunk up to 1 m across. It usually grows 7-9 m tall but can be 24 m tall. The crown is rounded. It has smooth green or golden bark. It has stubby branches. There are reddish-brown furry hairs on the young branches and stalks. These disappear with age. The plant has a cloudy latex. The leaves are produced one after another along the stalk. The leaves are compound and leaflets arranged like fingers on a hand. The leaves have 3-7 leaflets and these are 5-13 cm long and 2.5-9 cm wide. They are velvety grey underneath. The leaf stalks are 15 cm long. The base of the leaflets is unequal. They are dark green on top and paler underneath. The leaves have star shaped hairs in both sides. There are 1-3 flat dark glands where the leaf joins the stalk. It loses its leaves during summer. The male and female flowers on on different plants. The buds are rusty red and velvety and on long furry stalks. The flowers are small and white or yellow. The female flowers are more tightly grouped together than the male flowers. The fruit is egg shaped and 35 mm long by 25 mm wide. They are velvety. When young they are hairy and when mature have a tough brown shell. There is a thick layer of pulp around a very hard and finely pitted stone. Inside this are 2 light coloured kernels. The fruit are edible. The kernel is edible.
Leaflets elliptic-ovate to oblanceolate, rarely 3-lobed; median leaflet 5–18 × 2–9 cm, the lateral leaflets slightly smaller; all leaflets obtuse or acute and shortly acuminate at the apex, usually somewhat asymmetrically rounded-cuneate at the base, entire or subentire, edged with marginal dark green gland dots on upper or lower surfaces, densely ferrugineous or fulvous stellate-pubescent on upper surface, later glabrescent, paler or whitish stellate-tomentose beneath; lateral nerves in 6–16 pairs.
Male flowers: pedicels 2–5 mm long; calyx lobes 5 × 2.5–3 mm, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, stellate-pubescent without and within; petals 6–7 × 2–3 mm, elliptic-oblong, emarginate-subtruncate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous except within at the base, pale lemon-yellow to whitish, drying dark brown; disk glands c. 1 × 1 mm; stamens c. 7 mm long, anthers 0.75 × 0.5 mm.
Female flowers: pedicels 7–10 mm, stouter than in the male flowers; calyx lobes 8–9 × 5–6 mm, broadly ovate, subacute or obtuse, indumented as in the male; petals 9 × 4 mm, glabrous, otherwise more or less as in the male; disk 4 mm in diameter; ovary 7 × 5 × 3 mm, densely stellate-pubescent; styles 5 mm long.
Fruit 3–5 × 2–3.5 cm when dried, up to 7 × 5 cm when fresh, densely stellate-tomentose at first, later glabrescent, green, becoming pale yellow; exopcarp thin, mesocarp 3–4 mm thick, endocarp 4–5 mm thick.
Twigs thick, exuding white gum; twigs, petioles and inflorescence axes ferrugineous stellate-pubescent at first, later scurfily stellate-pulverulent.
Bark pale grey, whitish or light brown, smooth at first, later becoming reticulate and flaking, and grey-green beneath.
Petioles 6–25 cm long; glands 2–4, usually at the petiole apex, prominent, green; petiolules 0.5–1.5 cm long.
A shrub, or tree up to 20 m tall, with a rounded or spreading crown, and with a trunk up to c. 1 m d.b.h.
Female inflorescences 5–6 × 2–3 cm; bracts as in the male.
Male inflorescences 10–22 × 4–8 cm; bracts 3–10 mm long.
Seeds 1.8–2.5 × 1.6–2 cm, compressed-ellipsoid.
Leaves digitately compound, (3)5–7-foliolate.
Stipules 3–5 × 2–3 mm.
Wood white, very soft.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 16.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows on Kalahari sand. It needs a hot subtropical climate. It grows in deep, well-drained, dry sandy soils. It is often over limestone material. It does well with average temperatures above 20°C and often above 30°C. It will grow with rainfall between 200-1,000 mm per year. It grows at altitudes between 200-1,000 m. It can tolerate frost. It can grow in arid places.
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Low to medium altitudes in sandy soil, well developed deciduous woodland on sand, short grassland with scattered trees, wooded hills and amongst sand dunes and sandy alluvium by rivers, sometimes forming pure stands, at elevations of 50-1220 metres
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 1-6
Soil texture 4-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The fresh and dried fruits are eaten. The fruit flesh and the seeds are eaten raw or cooked. The nuts are also eaten. They are eaten raw, dried, cooked, whole or pounded and mixed with other ingredients to make a variety of dishes. The fruit is eaten raw or cooked. It is also used to make soup and beer. The nuts also produce an oil used for cooking.
Uses animal food environmental use food food additive fuel gene source material medicinal oil social use wood
Edible flowers fruits nuts seeds
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Cultivation has proven difficult. Seed grow more easily if they have passed through an elephant!
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 18 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Schinziophyton rautanenii unspecified picture

Distribution

Schinziophyton rautanenii world distribution map, present in Angola, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, United Republic of, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Schinziophyton rautanenii threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:947611-1
WFO ID wfo-0000306547
COL ID 4V8HR
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Ricinodendron rautanenii Schinziophyton rautanenii Ricinodendron viticoides Vitex lukafuensis