Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.

Yellow candlebush (en), Séné (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Senna

Characteristics

Perennial with ± woody, branching stems forming an erect ± rounded shrub usually about 2 m high, or spreading, or scrambling to form a semi-scandent to scandent shrub with the stems much longer. Stems terete, faintly ridged, glabrous. Leaves: petiole and rhachis (2.5-)3-4 cm long, delicate; stipules linear, acute, 2-3 mm long, 0.3-0.6 mm wide, glabrous, caducous: petiole 1-2 cm long including basal pulvinus, petiolar gland lacking; rhachis channelled adaxially with a stalked clavate to subglobose, greenish or dark gland between lowest pair of leaflets only; leaflets in (2-)3 pairs, obovate, elliptic, oblong-elliptic or suborbicular, 0.9-3.2 cm long, 0.7-2 cm wide, uppermost pair largest, bases asymmetric, broadly cuneate to rounded, apices rounded or slightly emarginate, usually mucronate, margins yellow, glabrous, surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences axillary, numerous towards the ends of branches, but not aggregated into pseudo-panicles, racemes 6-12 cm long when in flower, 3-many-flowered, peduncles well developed, 2-5 cm long at flowering, slightly longer and stronger at fruiting, often clearly exceeding leaves; bracts ±2 mm long, ±0.5 mm wide at base, acerose, caducous; pedicels, at flowering, 4-7 mm long, at fruiting to 10 mm long, peduncles, bracts and pedicels glabrous. Sepals obtuse, glabrous or margins very minutely fringed when young. Petals obovate, 0.9-1.2 cm long, ±0.5 cm wide, yellow with brown veins. Stamens 10: 3 occasionally 2, staminodal, Y-shaped (obhastate), ±4 mm long including filament; 7 functional (4 lateral medium, 2 lateral-abaxial large with filaments ±7 mm long, central-abaxial medium), dehiscence porose. Ovaries glabrous, styles 2-4 mm long, glabrous, ± curved; stigmas slightly narrowed and hooded, glabrous. Pods ± straight, often only 5-6 cm long, apex rounded, in other respects pods and seeds as for C. floribunda Cav.
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Shrub 1-5 m tall. Branchlets olive, becoming grey, glabrous, longitudinally ridged. Leaves paripinnate; stipules c. 2 mm long, very narrowly triangular, early-caducous; petiole 0.6-2.3 cm long, glabrous; rachis 1-2.5 cm long, glabrous except for a patch of minute probably glandular hairs between each leaflet pair, with an ellipsoid gland c. 1 mm long between the proximal leaflet pair; leaflets in 3-4 pairs, 1.5-4 x 1.2-2 cm, the distal largest, broadly elliptic to broadly obovate or subcircular, base rounded to cuneate, slightly asymmetric, apex acute to rounded or retuse, often minutely mucronate, glabrous; petiolules c. 1 mm long. Inflorescences axillary, racemose; bracts 1-2 mm long, very narrowly triangular, early caducous; pedicels 4-5 mm long at anthesis. Sepals 5, elliptic, dimorphic, two c. 10 x 5 mm, three 5-7 x 3-4 mm, glabrous. Petals yellow, 12-14 x 6 mm, obovate. Stamens 9, trimorphic, two fertile with anthers c. 7 mm long and filaments c. 8 mm long, four fertile with anthers c. 5 mm long and filaments c. 1 mm long; three trumpet-shaped staminodes c. 4 mm long. Ovary c. 10 mm long, glabrous; style 4 mm long, glabrous. Pod 8-15 x 1-1.5 cm, oblong-linear, straight, cylindrical, rounded at apex, tardily dehiscent along both sutures, or indehiscent. Seeds olive-brown, 5-6 x 3.5-4.5 mm, broadly elliptic, without areoles.
Arborescent shrub up to 3 m high, spreading with pendant or sometimes climbing twigs, entirely glabrous except for the young branches which may be thinly pubescent. Stipules narrowly lanceolate-subulate, 1-3 mm long, caducous. Leaves with 3 pairs of leaflets; petiole furrowed, slender, 15-25 mm, rachis 10-28 mm, furrowed, glabrous, bearing a clavate to ovoid gland between the lowest pair of leaflets. Leaflets obovate to rounded, more or less unequal-sided, 1.5-4 by 1-2.5 cm, base obliquely cuneate, glabrous; petiolules short, glabrous. Racemes slender, lax with 6-25 flowers, 5-17 cm long, including the 2-3 cm long peduncle; bracts similar to stipules, slightly smaller, early caducous; pedicels 2-7 mm long including the 2 mm hypanthium. Sepals yellowish to reddish brown, glabrous, ovate, broadly rounded, 5-10 mm long. Petals yellow, obovate, 11-15 mm long, very short-clawed. Stamens 10: 3 lower ones with unequal filaments, 2-10 mm, anthers large, curved, 7 mm, opening with 2 apical pores and longitudinal rims; 4 shorter with 1 mm long filaments and anthers 4-5 mm long; 3 reduced stamens with minute anthers. Ovary, stipe and style glabrous; stigma inconspicuous. Pods terete, brown, smooth, glabrous, tardily dehiscent, 9-16 cm long, 1-1.5 cm diam. Seeds 50-60, olive-green, ovate, flattened, 5-7 mm.
Shrubs, erect, to 3 m tall, much branched. Crown spreading, with pendent or sometimes climbing twigs. Leaves 7-12 cm, with 3 or 4 pairs of leaflets; stipules caducous, nar­rowly lanceolate, subulate, 1-3 mm; petiole 2.5-4 cm, slender; rachis with a blackish brown, clavate to ovoid gland between lowest pair of leaflets; leaflets obovate or obovate-oblong, 1.5-4 × 1-2.5 cm, membranous, glabrous, base obliquely cuneate, apex obtusely rounded. Racemes lax, in axils of apical leaves, 5-15 cm, slender; bracts early caducous. Sepals yellowish to reddish brown, ovate, 5-10 mm. Petals yellow, obovate, 1.1-1.5 cm, very shortly clawed. Stamens 10, 7 fertile: 3 lower with unequal filaments 2-10 mm, anthers large, curved, ca. 1 mm; 4 short with filaments ca. 1 mm and anthers 4-5 mm; 3 stami­nodes with minute anthers. Ovary with glabrous stalk and style. Legume brown, terete, straight or slightly curved, 9-17 × 1-1.5 cm, tardily dehiscent, valves membranous. Seeds 50-60, olive-green, ovoid, flattened, 5-7 mm.
Leaves paripinnate; stipules c.2 mm long, very narrowly triangular, early-caducous; petiole 0.6–2.3 cm long, glabrous; rachis 1–2.5 cm long, glabrous except for a patch of minute probably glandular hairs between each leaflet pair, with an ellipsoid gland c.1 mm long between the proximal leaflet pair; leaflets in 3–4 pairs, 1.5–4 × 1.2–2 cm, the distal largest, broadly elliptic to broadly obovate or subcircular, base rounded to cuneate, slightly asymmetric, apex acute to rounded or retuse, often minutely mucronate, glabrous; petiolules c.1 mm long.
A herb or shrub. It is spreading and scrambling. It can grow 2-9 m high. The leaves are compound with leaflets along the stalk. It has oval leaflets 2-4 cm long. The flowers are pale yellow and very large. The fruit are a smooth pod 11 cm long and 1 cm wide. Also in as Cassia bicapsularis.
Stamens 9, trimorphic, two fertile with anthers c.7 mm long and filaments c.8 mm long, four fertile with anthers c.5 mm long and filaments c.1 mm long; three trumpet-shaped staminodes c.4 mm long.
Perennial with woody, branching stems forming an erect rounded shrub, 2 m high. Leaves with 3, occasionally 2, pairs of leaflets. Pedicels of open flowers 4-7 mm long. Flowers yellow.
Inflorescences axillary, racemose; bracts 1–2 mm long, very narrowly triangular, early caducous; pedicels 4–5 mm long at anthesis.
Pod 8–15 × 1–1.5 cm, oblong-linear, straight, cylindrical, rounded at apex, tardily dehiscent along both sutures, or indehiscent.
Sepals 5, elliptic, dimorphic, two c.10 × 5 mm, three 5–7 × 3–4 mm, glabrous.
Seeds olive-brown, 5–6 × 3.5–4.5 mm, broadly elliptic, without areoles.
Branchlets olive, becoming grey, glabrous, longitudinally ridged.
Ovary c.10 mm long, glabrous; style 4 mm long, glabrous.
Petals yellow, 12–14 × 6 mm, obovate.
Shrub 1–5 m tall.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support climber
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.5
Mature height (meter) 2.0 - 3.0
Root system -
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Flower color
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Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropAlso in as Cassia bicapsularis.ical plant. It is invasive of scrub and waste places. It is native of tropical America and now distributed throughout the tropics. It grows between sea level and 2,130 m above sea level. In Tanzania it grows from sea level to 2,100 m above sea level and in areas with a rainfall between 1,100-1,800 mm. It can grow in arid places. It is best in well drained soils.
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Moist thickets, sometimes in oak forest, often in second growth or in waste ground, at elevations up to 1,500 metres. Scrub-woodland, hedges and forest margins or from riverbanks, streambeds, open hillslopes and riparian forest.
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Hardiness (USDA) 8-12

Usage

The fruit are eaten raw. The pulp of the pod is sweet and like tamarind. The leaves are gathered, then wilted and cooked as a vegetable. The seeds are roasted and pounded and used as a substitute for coffee.
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UsesCultivated as an ornamental (cf. K.Heyne, I.e.; Burkill, I.e., under 4Cassia laevigata' as cited above).
Uses animal food coffee substitute eating environmental use food fuel hedge material medicinal ornamental poison wood
Edible fruits leaves pods seeds
Therapeutic use Asthma (unspecified), Coffee (unspecified), Insecticide (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Pertussis (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Fever (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seeds. It can be used as a hedge.
Mode seedlings
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Germination treatment soaking
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Images

Leaf

Senna bicapsularis leaf picture by varaderhum (cc-by-sa)
Senna bicapsularis leaf picture by Lemaire Romain (cc-by-sa)
Senna bicapsularis leaf picture by fred fred (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Senna bicapsularis flower picture by cheriette van der lugt (cc-by-sa)
Senna bicapsularis flower picture by Rebecca Kropp (cc-by-sa)
Senna bicapsularis flower picture by Herwig Mees (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Senna bicapsularis fruit picture by claire Felloni (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Senna bicapsularis world distribution map, present in Angola, American Samoa, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Chile, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Indonesia, India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Malawi, Malaysia, Nigeria, New Zealand, Panama, Peru, Papua New Guinea, Sudan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Thailand, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Senna bicapsularis threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:518330-1
WFO ID wfo-0000214823
COL ID 4WP89
BDTFX ID 166579
INPN ID 630641
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Cassia spiciflora Cassia berterii Cathartocarpus bicapsularis Cassia bicapsularis Diallobus bicapsularis Senna bicapsularis

Lower taxons

Senna bicapsularis var. bicapsularis Senna bicapsularis var. augusti