Setaria pumila Roem. & Schult.

Yellow foxtail (en), Sétaire glauque (fr), Sétaire naine (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Poales > Poaceae > Setaria

Characteristics

Loosely to densely tufted, erect annuals, 25-35-(85) cm, green or yellow-green, often purplish near base. Leaf-sheath strongly compressed, firm, but ± membranous towards margins, glabrous, flattened and keeled. Ligule ciliate, hairs 0.5-1.5 mm. Leaf-blade (3)-5-15-(23) cm × (2.5)-3-5-(6) mm, flat, soft, linear or linear-lanceolate, distinctly twisted, tapering above, glabrous, or adaxially slightly scabrid and with long, fine, soft, tubercle-based hairs towards base; margins very minutely scabrid, tip slender, acuminate. Culm 15-65-(75) cm, compressed, erect or geniculate-ascending, rooting at lower nodes, internodes scabrid, to ± densely minutely pubescent below panicle. Panicle (1)-2.5-10 cm × 5-15 mm, cylindric, dense-flowered; rachis densely pubescent, with numerous, very short, close-set, pubescent branches, each usually bearing a single spikelet, sometimes with 1-2 abortive spikelets, subtended by 5-10 greenish to golden brown, antrorsely scabrid, unequal bristles (5-8.5 mm). Spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm, pale green at first, later purple, falling entire at maturity. Lower glume 0.8-1.7 mm, ovate, acute or apiculate, 3-nerved, upper 1.7-2.3 mm, subacute, 5-nerved, ovate-orbicular, convex. Lower floret usually Ø, rarely ♂: lemma 5-nerved, acute; palea ≈ lemma, hyaline; anthers 0.9-1.4 mm, or 0. Upper floret ☿: lemma = spikelet, crustaceous, prominently transversely rugose, becoming yellowish or brownish, broadly naviculate, very convex, sometimes apiculate; palea of same texture but ≤ lemma, keels rounded and thickened, minutely hairy towards apex, otherwise glabrous; anthers 0.9-1.6 mm; caryopsis c. 1.5-2 mm.
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Annual. Culms erect or geniculate, 20–90 cm tall, smooth or scabrous just below inflorescence, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths keeled, glabrous; leaf blades linear, 5–40 × 0.2–1 cm, abaxial surface smooth, adaxial surface scabrous or pilose at base; ligule ca. 1 mm. Panicle densely cylindrical, 3–17 × 0.4–0.8 cm; branches reduced to a single mature spikelet subtended by 5–10 or more bristles (sometimes an aborted spikelet also present); axis pubescent; bristles gold, brownish gold or sometimes purple, 2–3 times spikelet length. Spikelets broadly ovate, (2.2–)2.5–3.5 mm; glumes ovate; lower glume 1/3–1/2 as long as spikelet; upper glume 1/2–2/3 as long as spikelet; lower floret usually staminate; lower palea hyaline, ovate, matching the upper floret in size and shape, keels narrowly winged; upper lemma broadly ovate, coarsely rugose. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct. 2n = 18, 36.
Loosely tufted annual, 0.05-1.30 m high; culm erect or geniculate, nodes glabrous. Leaf blade 30-300 x 2-12 mm, expanded, soft, thin; ligule a fringed membrane or a fringe of hairs. Inflorescence a cylindrical, spike-like panicle, 10-100(-200) mm long; spikelets subtended by 4-10 bristles; bristles 3-12 mm long, slightly scabrid, slender, yellowish, brownish, copper-coloured or greenish with golden-brown or green apices; bristles persist on axis after spikelets fall. Spikelets 1.5-3.5 mm long, apex acute, not deflexed, dorsiventrally compressed; lower glume 3-nerved. Florets 2; lower floret male or sterile, lemma widely grooved; upper floret bisexual, lemma indurated, rugose to corrugate, rarely almost smooth, entire; anther 0.6-1.5 mm long. Flowering time Dec.-May.
Loosely tufted annual 50-1 300 mm high; culm erect or geniculate, node glabrous. Leaf blade 30-300 x 2-12 mm, expanded, soft, thin, glabrous or hairy towards ligule. Inflorescence 10-100(-200) mm long, cylindrical, spike-like; bristles 4-10, 3-12 mm long, slender, slightly scabrid, yellowish to brownish, copper coloured or greenish with golden brown apices or green. Spikelet 1.5-3.5 mm long, apex acute, not deflexed; lower glume 3-nerved; lower floret male or sterile, lemma widely grooved, palea ± as long as lemma; upper lemma rugose to corrugate, rarely almost smooth; anther 0.6-1.5 mm long.
Annual; up to 0.9 m high; loosely tufted. Culm nodes glabrous. Leaf blades 45-170 x 5-9 mm. Flowers: panicle cylindrical; spike-like; normally 10 x longer than wide; spikelets 2.0-2.8 mm long; deciduous as a whole; spikelets subtended by 6-10 bristles; bristles antrorsely barbed; often bright yellow but sometimes dark purple-brown; lower glume 3-nerved; upper glume 3-7-nerved; upper lemma rugose to corrugate; lower lemma very finely rugose; lower palea as long as lemma.
Annual, loosely tufted, up to 0.9 m high. Leaf blades 45-170 mm long, 5-9 mm wide. Culm nodes glabrous. Spikelets 2.0-2.8 mm long. Panicle cylindrical, spikelike, normally 10 times longer than wide; spikelets subtended by 6-10 bristles; bristles often bright yellow but sometimes dark purple-brown; lower glume 3-nerved; lower lemma very finely rugose.
Annual, up to 0.9 m tall, culm nodes glabrous. Leaves linear; ligule a fringed membrane. Inflorescence a spike-like panicle. Spikelets 2-2.8 mm long, subtended by 6-10 long, slender, stiff bristles, not falling with spikelets at maturity (see Pennisetum), awnless, 2-flowered; lower floret male or sterile; upper lemma hard, corrugated to rugose.
Annual, loosely tufted (culms erect or geniculate), up to 0.65 m high. Leaf blades 50-170 mm long, 8-12 mm wide. Culm nodes glabrous. Spikelets 2.3-2.7 mm long. Panicle spike-like, usually ovate but up to 5 times longer than wide; bristles 6-10 per spikelet; lower glume 3-nerved; lemma very coarsely rugose.
A millet grass. It is an annual grass. It grows 20-90 cm tall. The leaf blades are linear and 5-40 cm long by 0.2-1 cm wide. The flowering head is like a "fox tail". The flowering head is cylinder shaped. The bristles are orange.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination anemogamy
Spread epizoochory
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.75 - 0.9
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.2
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c4

Environment

It grows in tropical and warm temperate places. It is cultivated by hill tribes in southern India. In the Mediterranean is often grows in damp places like ditches. In Africa it grows from sea level to 1,500 m above sea level. In Sichuan and Yunnan.
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Waste ground, cultivated fields and lowland all over Japan.
Waste ground, cultivated fields and lowland all over Japan.
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 2-4
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 3-6
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-9

Usage

The young leaves are boiled and cooked as a vegetable. The seeds are used to make a local drink called Auong.
Uses animal food environmental use food gene source material medicinal poison
Edible seeds
Therapeutic use Syphilis (seed), Rope (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Setaria pumila habit picture by Jean-François Baudin (cc-by-sa)
Setaria pumila habit picture by Patrice Bracquart (cc-by-sa)
Setaria pumila habit picture by Jean-Marie Frenoux (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Setaria pumila leaf picture by Jean-François Baudin (cc-by-sa)
Setaria pumila leaf picture by Association Environat (cc-by-sa)
Setaria pumila leaf picture by Irmgard Hemetsberger (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Setaria pumila flower picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Setaria pumila flower picture by Association Environat (cc-by-sa)
Setaria pumila flower picture by Patrice Bracquart (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Setaria pumila fruit picture by Jean-François Baudin (cc-by-sa)
Setaria pumila fruit picture by Carsten Mackenthun (cc-by-sa)
Setaria pumila fruit picture by ilias kesisoglou (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Setaria pumila world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Angola, Åland Islands, Albania, Andorra, Austria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Brazil, Botswana, Central African Republic, Canada, Switzerland, Chile, China, Cook Islands, Colombia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Djibouti, Dominica, Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea, Spain, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, Micronesia (Federated States of), Georgia, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Greece, Haiti, Hungary, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libya, Lesotho, Morocco, Moldova (Republic of), Madagascar, Mali, Myanmar, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Malaysia, Namibia, Norfolk Island, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Netherlands, Nepal, New Zealand, Oman, Pakistan, Pitcairn, Peru, Philippines, Palau, Poland, Puerto Rico, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Portugal, Réunion, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Senegal, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sweden, eSwatini, Chad, Togo, Thailand, Tonga, Tunisia, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Ukraine, United States of America, Viet Nam, Vanuatu, Samoa, Yemen, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:421764-1
WFO ID wfo-0000899491
COL ID 6YKHQ
BDTFX ID 63655
INPN ID 123141
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Setaria lutescens f. pumila Panicum holcoides Panicum pallidifuscum Setaria auricoma Setaria boninensis Setaria breviglumis Setaria dasyura Setaria erythraeae Setaria laeta Setaria ustilata Panicum rubiginosum Panicum luteum Pennisetum helvolum Setaria glauca f. abyssinica Setaria pallidefusca f. penicillata Setaria pallidifusca Setaria sciuroidea Panicum lutescens f. pumilum Setaria pallide-fusca Setaria humifusa Panicum pumilum Panicum flavescens Chaetochloa glauca var. purpurea Chaetochloa lutescens var. longispica Panicum glaucum var. elongatum Panicum glaucum var. flavescens Panicum glaucum var. laevigatum Panicum glaucum var. pumilum Panicum imberbe var. pumilum Setaria aurea var. rubiginosa Setaria glauca subsp. humifusa Setaria glauca subsp. pallidefusca Setaria glauca subsp. subtesselata Setaria glauca var. breviseta Setaria glauca var. dura Setaria glauca var. elongata Setaria glauca var. ictura Setaria glauca var. longispica Setaria glauca var. macrocarpa Setaria glauca var. minutissima Setaria glauca var. pallidefusca Setaria glauca var. pumila Setaria lutescens var. dura Setaria lutescens var. longispica Setaria pallidefusca var. breviseta Setaria pallidefusca var. ictura Setaria pumila subsp. pallidifusca Setaria rubiginosa Setaria rubiginosa f. penicillata Setaria pumila subsp. pumila Setaria pumila subsp. subtesselata Setaria pumila