Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames

Chinese spiranthes (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Asparagales > Orchidaceae > Spiranthes

Characteristics

Plants 13-30 cm tall. Roots 2-3 mm in diam. Leaves 2-5, erect and spreading, broadly linear to broadly linear-lanceolate, rarely narrowly oblong, 3-10 × 0.5-1 cm, apex acute or acuminate, with an indistinct petiole-like base. Inflorescence erect, 10-25 cm, glabrous; rachis 4-10 cm, with many spirally arranged flowers; floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, apex long acuminate. Flowers purplish red or pink; ovary pale green, 4-5 mm including pedicel, glabrous. Dorsal sepal forming a hood with petals, narrowly oblong, cymbiform, ca. 4 × 1.5 mm, glabrous, apex subacute; lateral sepals lanceolate, slightly oblique, ca. 5 × 2 mm, glabrous, base slightly gibbous, apex subacute. Petals rhombic-oblong, oblique, ca. as long as dorsal sepal, thinly textured, apex obtuse; lip broadly oblong, 4-5.5 × ca. 2.5 mm, shortly clawed, concave base containing 2 clavate glands, lateral margins erect, apical margin with strongly wrinkled teeth, apex obtuse and recurved; disk papillate. Column erect, ca. 2 mm; anther ovoid; pollinia ca. 1 mm; rostellum narrowly triangular-lanceolate; stigma discoid, weakly 3-lobed, slightly raised. Fl. Jul-Aug. 2n = 24, 30, 32.
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Plant at fl. c. 10–100 cm. tall, mostly glab. Roots several, ± spindle-shaped, on vertical sympodial axis. Stem erect, slender to stout, much exceeding lvs. Basal lvs 2–6, c. 5–20 cm. × 5–15 mm.; lamina narrow-elliptic tapering into petiole of about equal length; stem-bracts 2–4. Spike c. 2–15 cm. × 5–10 mm.; fls ± crowded, almost sessile. Ovary almost glab. to closely glandular-pubescent. Per. 4–7 mm. long, ± cylindric, rose-red to pink except for white labellum. Dorsal sepal ± oblong, slightly concave except at tip; laterals slightly pouched at base, obtuse to subacute. Petals ± oblong, ± adnate to dorsal sepal. Labellum broad and recurved at tip; upper margin ± laciniate and much crisped and irregularly thickened; base sessile, concave, smooth except for 2 prominent lateral calli which fit beneath stigma in undissected fl. Column narrow below stigma; anther obtuse, overtopping stigma; stigma broad and prominent, sts lacking rostellum, us. overtopped by delicate, membr., ± laciniate column-wings.
Leaves 2–4, obliquely erect in basal cluster, linear-lanceolate, 40–85 × 2–8 mm, deep green. Flower stem 100–200 mm tall, 20–50-flowered. Flowers 3.5–4 × 1.5–2 mm, glabrous, pink with white labellum, tubular; sepals, petals and labellum overlapping to form tight, projecting tube, tips free. Dorsal sepal c. 3.5 × 1.2 mm, projected forwards. Lateral sepals c. 3.5 × 1 mm, projecting forwards close to labellum. Petals c. 3 × 1 mm. Labellum 3-lobed, c. 3 × 1.3 mm when flattened, midlobe narrower and shorter than base; base tubular, with 2 papillate/hairy basal glands; midlobe remaining almost tubular, apex papillate, margins incurved, crinkled, and irregularly toothed. Column c. 1.5 mm long.
An orchid. It is 50 cm high. The roots are 2-3 mm across. It has a few leaves in a ring at the base. The flower stalk has numerous flowers arranged in a spiral on the upper part of the stalk. Each flower is 6 mm long. Only one third of the flowers open at one time. The colour can be white or with purple.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread anemochory
Mature width (meter) 0.1
Mature height (meter) 0.2
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It grows in grassland and open forest. It can grow on the edge of swamps and become a lawn weed. It grows from sea level to moderate altitudes in temperate regions and higher in the tropics. It grows in wet grasslands between 300-3,400 m above sea level in China.
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Open and moist areas in forests, thickets, wet grasslands, meadows, marshes; at elevations from 200-3,400 metres.
Highly localised; growing among grass in a low-lying area on a track in open forest.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 1-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 4-9
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-9

Usage

The fleshy root is cooked with chicken or pork.
Uses medicinal
Edible bulbs flowers leaves roots tubers
Therapeutic use Anthelmintics (seed), Kidney diseases (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Spiranthes sinensis leaf picture by 道草 (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Spiranthes sinensis flower picture by 隆明 折出 (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Spiranthes sinensis world distribution map, present in Australia, Bangladesh, China, Japan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Province of China, and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Spiranthes sinensis threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1208023-2
WFO ID wfo-0000313440
COL ID 4Z722
BDTFX ID 78643
INPN ID 671335
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Ibidium spirale Neottia pudica Aristotelea spiralis Spiranthes aristotelea Spiranthes indica Spiranthes neocaledonica Spiranthes papuana Spiranthes pudica Spiranthes spiralis Spiranthes wightiana Epidendrum aristotelea Spiranthes sinensis f. autumnus Gyrostachys amoena Spiranthes wightiana Spiranthes suishaensis Spiranthes australis var. suishaensis Spiranthes australis var. viridiflora Spiranthes sinensis var. amoena Spiranthes australis var. pudica Gyrostachys australis var. sinensis Neottia australis var. chinensis Spiranthes australis var. sinensis Gyrostachys australis var. flexuosa Spiranthes sinensis f. gracilis Neottia sinensis Sarcoglottis pudica Spiranthes sinensis