Suregada zanzibariensis Baill.

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Euphorbiaceae > Suregada

Characteristics

A low-branched compact pyramidal, subglabrous, generally monoecious, evergreen shrub with suberect branches 0.5–3 m. tall, or else a much-branched small to large tree up to 9 m. tall.. Bark generally smooth, grey, reddish grey or brown.. Twigs glabrous, green.. Petioles 2–6(–10) mm. long; leaf-blades obovate to elliptic-obovate, (2–)4–10(–14) cm. long, 1–7 cm. wide, subacute, acute, shortly acutely acuminate or cuspidate, cuneate, rounded-cuneate or sometimes rounded, usually entire but sometimes sharply serrate-denticulate, coriaceous, lateral nerves 5–6(–11) pairs, brochidodromous, with a second or even a third series of loops between the main loops and the margin, tertiary and quaternary nerve-network reticulate, with the translucent pustules situated in the centre of each reticulation, quite glabrous and glossy above and beneath, light or dark green above, paler beneath.. Stipules triangular-ovate, 1 mm. long and wide, subacute, subentire, decurrent-auriculate, ciliate; stipule-scars undulate, expanding to 2 mm. in length.. Inflorescences few–many-flowered, shortly pedunculate to subsessile, fasciculate-glomerulate, up to 1 cm. across; axis subglabrous; bracts broadly ovate, ciliate.. Male flowers: pedicels 1.5 mm. long; sepals 5, suborbicular, 2 mm. long, ± 1.5 mm. wide, ciliate, the three outer thick, greenish or greenish yellow, each with a prominent translucent yellow glandular boss on the outer face, the two inner thinner, petaloid, yellowish cream or whitish, with less prominent glands; receptacular glands interstaminal, hemispherical, somewhat confluent; stamens (6–)8–12, filaments 2 mm. long, glabrous, anthers 0.7 mm. long, pale yellow.. Female flowers: pedicels 1.5 cm. long, stouter than those of ♂ flowers; sepals 3 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, otherwise resembling the outer ♂ sepals; disc roundly pentagonal to shallowly 10-lobate, fairly thick; staminodes small, subulate, but occasionally stamen-like, although infertile; ovary 3-locular, subglobose, 2–3 mm. diameter, glabrous; styles 3, 1 mm. long, bifid, stigmas subulate, pale yellow.. Fruit 3-locular, or 2–1-locular by abortion, roundly trilobate to subglobose, 5–6 mm. long, 6–7(–8) mm. diameter, dehiscent, smooth, glabrous, green to olivaceous at first, later becoming orange-red; endocarp crustaceous.. Seeds laterally compressed-ovoid, 4–5 mm. long, 3–4 mm. wide, with ± 10–12 pits on each side, red or black and completely enclosed by a red arillate sarcotesta which becomes pale grey when dry.
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A glabrous shrub or small tree up to 10 m tall, rarely taller, generally dioecious; branches horizontal. Bark smooth, grey, often with fine longitudinal markings. Twigs greenish. Stipules 1 x 1 mm, triangular-ovate, subacute. Petioles 3-7 mm long. Leaf blades 2-13 x 1.5-7 cm, obovate to elliptic-oblanceolate, abruptly acutely acuminate at the apex, cuneate or ± rounded at the base, entire or sharply denticulate, coriaceous, glossy, paler beneath than above, often drying bright green or yellowish-green; lateral nerves in 5-9 pairs, looped; tertiary and quaternary nerves reticulate with raised pustules in the centre of each reticulation. Male flowers: pedicels 1-2 mm long; sepals 5, 2.5-3 x 2-2.5 mm, suborbicular, each with a yellow gland on the abaxial face, ciliate, the outer greenish, the inner creamy-white; glands confluent; stamens (6)14, usually in an outer whorl of 9 and an inner of 5, filaments 1-2 mm long, anthers 0.5-0.7 mm long. Female flowers: pedicels somewhat stouter than in the male flowers; sepals ± as in the male flowers; disk 5-angular or shallowly 10-lobed; staminodes small, subulate or occasionally staminiform; ovary c. 1.5 mm in diameter, 3-celled, subglobose, smooth; styles 3, 1 mm long, bifid, stigmas subulate. Fruit 7 x 8 mm, (1)3-celled, 3-lobed to subglobose, smooth, green. Seeds c. 4 x 4 mm, broadly compressed-ovoid, foveolate; exotesta red, grey when dry, endotesta red or black.
A shrub or small tree. It grows up to 4.5 m tall. The leaves are oblong and leathery. The tip has a blunt point and they narrow to the base. They are about 4-9 cm long and 2.5-5 cm wide. There are widely spaced teeth on the edge of the leaf. The midrib is raised under the leaf and there are 4-6 pairs of veins that loop along the leaf edge. The upper surface of the leaf is dark green and the lower surface is lighter. The leaves are on short stalks. The flowers are small and cream coloured. They are in small clusters opposite the leaves. The fruit are small and round. They have 3 lobes. They are 7 mm across. The juice of the fruit is edible.
Leaf blades 2–13 × 1.5–7 cm, obovate to elliptic-oblanceolate, abruptly acutely acuminate at the apex, cuneate or ± rounded at the base, entire or sharply denticulate, coriaceous, glossy, paler beneath than above, often drying bright green or yellowish-green; lateral nerves in 5–9 pairs, looped; tertiary and quaternary nerves reticulate with raised pustules in the centre of each reticulation.
Male flowers: pedicels 1–2 mm long; sepals 5, 2.5–3 × 2–2.5 mm, suborbicular, each with a yellow gland on the abaxial face, ciliate, the outer greenish, the inner creamy-white; glands confluent; stamens (6)14, usually in an outer whorl of 9 and an inner of 5, filaments 1–2 mm long, anthers 0.5–0.7 mm long.
Female flowers: pedicels somewhat stouter than in the male flowers; sepals ± as in the male flowers; disk 5-angular or shallowly 10-lobed; staminodes small, subulate or occasionally staminiform; ovary c. 1.5 mm in diameter, 3-celled, subglobose, smooth; styles 3, 1 mm long, bifid, stigmas subulate.
Seeds c. 4 × 4 mm, broadly compressed-ovoid, foveolate; exotesta red, grey when dry, endotesta red or black.
A glabrous shrub or small tree up to 10 m tall, rarely taller, generally dioecious; branches horizontal.
Fruit 7 × 8 mm, (1)3-celled, 3-lobed to subglobose, smooth, green.
Bark smooth, grey, often with fine longitudinal markings.
Stipules 1 × 1 mm, triangular-ovate, subacute.
Petioles 3–7 mm long.
Twigs greenish.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 4.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Usually on sandy soils in woodland, riverine forest, coastal forest and in salt marshes, at elevations from sea-level up to 1,200 metres.
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A tropical plant. It grows on sandy soils.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture 5-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The juice of the fruit is eaten.
Uses environmental use food fuel medicinal wood
Edible -
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Distribution

Suregada zanzibariensis world distribution map, present in Angola, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania, United Republic of, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:356693-1
WFO ID wfo-0000317684
COL ID 53HCV
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Gelonium zanzibariense Gelonium serratum Suregada zanzibariensis