Symphytum officinale L.

True comfrey (en), Sirop de fernel (fr), Grande consoude (fr), Consoude officinale (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Boraginales > Boraginaceae > Symphytum

Characteristics

Herbs forming tussocks, 30-90 cm tall, arcuate hispid, short strigose. Main roots purplish brown, stout. Stems erect or ascending, branched. Basal leaves long petiolate, lorate-lanceolate to ovate, 30-60 × 10-20 cm, apex acuminate; middle and upper stem leaves sessile, smaller, base decurrent. Inflorescences many flowered. Calyx parted nearly to base; lobes lanceolate, apex acuminate. Corolla light purple, purple-red, or yellowish white, 1.4-1.5 cm; throat appendages ca. 4 mm, not exserted beyond limb; lobes triangular, apex revolute. Filaments ca. 3 mm; lower part nearly as wide as anthers; anthers ca. 3.5 mm, apex with somewhat prominent connective. Ovary usually sterile, occasionally only 1 mericarp develops in a few flowers. Nutlets black, oblique ovoid or ovoid, 3-4 mm, smooth, shiny. Fl. May-Oct. 2n = 24 + 0-4b, 26, 32-45*, 46-48, 56.
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Plants to c. 100 cm tall, with most vegetative parts strongly hispid. Roots becoming very thick. Basal lvs with lamina very large, ovate to ovatelanceolate, densely hispid above and below, but not harshly scabrid, often some hairs with bulbous bases but never predominantly so; cauline lvs smaller, mostly 3-4 mm wide, decurrent down stem to internode below, with petiole broadly winged, the upper sessile. Cymes densely hispid. Calyx 5-8 mm long, lobed to c. 3/4 length; lobes linear-lanceolate, ± shortly acuminate. Corolla 12-16 mm long, usually pale pink in upper 1/2, occasionally creamy white, purplish when dry; scales narrow-triangular. Filaments ± as wide as anthers; anthers usually projecting well beyond scales. Nutlets smooth.
Taprooted perennial 3–12 dm; stem and infl hispid-hirsute with spreading or recurved, subterete hairs; lvs large, the basal petiolate, with ovate or lance-ovate blade 15–30 ×7–12 cm, the cauline gradually reduced but still ample, the upper commonly sessile; stem evidently winged by the conspicuous decurrent lf-bases; cal 5–7 mm, cleft to below the middle; cor ochroleucous or dull blue, 12–18 mm; filaments as wide as the anthers; connective projecting beyond the thecae; nutlets 5–6 mm, black, very smooth, shining; 2n=24–54. Native of Eurasia, escaped or adventive in waste places here and there in our range. June–Aug.
A low clumpy plant with large long rough leaves. A dense crown of leaves and shoots develops. Plants are 30-90 cm tall. Leaves are 30-60 cm long and 10-20 cm wide. Lower leaves have leaf stalks and are branched. The inner leaves do not have leaf stalks. The flower stalk has many flowers. The flowers are purple, red or yellowish white. The nutlets are black, oval, 3-4 mm across and smooth an shiny.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support -
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread hydrochory
Mature width (meter) 1.0 - 1.5
Mature height (meter) 1.0 - 1.2
Root system fibrous-root rhizome tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It grows satisfactorily from sea level up to at least 2200 m altitude in the tropics. It will grow in very poor soil. In Argentina it grows below 500 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 3-9. In Hobart Botanical gardens.
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Damp, often shady localities, in meadows, woods etc, especially near streams and rivers.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 4-7
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-8

Usage

The young leaves are cooked and eaten. They are also chopped and added to salads. They can be used in soups and fritters. The mature leaves are used to flavour cakes. The blanched stalks are used like asparagus. The peeled roots are cut and used in soups. Dried leaves and roots are used for tea. The roasted roots are mixed with chicory and dandelion to make coffee. CAUTION In some countries caution has been stressed (and bans imposed) about this plant because of toxic alkaloids in similar plants. These are pyrrolizidine alklaloids but probably have to be eaten in large amounts before they damaged the liver. The older leaves are bitter and should be avoided.
Uses animal food coffee substitute environmental use food gene source gum material medicinal poison tea
Edible flowers leaves roots shoots
Therapeutic use Pectoral (unspecified), Venereal Aid (root), Antidiarrheal (unspecified), Gastrointestinal Aid (unspecified), Gynecological Aid (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Orthopedic Aid (unspecified), Analgesic (unspecified), Antidiarrheic (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Circulation (unspecified), Demulcent (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Hemoptysis (unspecified), Hemostat (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Lung (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Sudorific (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Sedative (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Cicatrizant (unspecified), Internulcer (unspecified), Astringents (unspecified), Colitis (unspecified), Demulcents (unspecified), Fractures, bone (unspecified), Hernia (unspecified), Muscle weakness (unspecified), Pleurisy (unspecified), Sprains and strains (unspecified), Stomach ulcer (unspecified)
Human toxicity weak toxic (whole)
Animal toxicity weak toxic (whole)

Cultivation

It is grown by breaking up the clump and re-planting a portion of it.
Mode cuttings divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Symphytum officinale habit picture by Thierry LE COM (cc-by-sa)
Symphytum officinale habit picture by michel cosme (cc-by-sa)
Symphytum officinale habit picture by Pierre LEON (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Symphytum officinale leaf picture by michel cosme (cc-by-sa)
Symphytum officinale leaf picture by Paul JAMET (cc-by-sa)
Symphytum officinale leaf picture by Kadlecová Alena (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Symphytum officinale flower picture by frank lalou (cc-by-sa)
Symphytum officinale flower picture by Maria Rothammer (cc-by-sa)
Symphytum officinale flower picture by bruno (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Symphytum officinale fruit picture by Karlien Bursens (cc-by-sa)
Symphytum officinale fruit picture by Pierre LEON (cc-by-sa)
Symphytum officinale fruit picture by Han (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Symphytum officinale world distribution map, present in Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Canada, Switzerland, China, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, North Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Poland, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Taiwan, Province of China, Ukraine, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:120815-1
WFO ID wfo-0000432219
COL ID 53QG6
BDTFX ID 75402
INPN ID 125355
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Symphytum ambiguum Symphytum molle Symphytum commune Symphytum consolida Symphytum peregrinum Symphytum x rakosiense Consolida major Consolida major Symphytum album Symphytum microcalyx Symphytum officinale Symphytum elatum Symphytum besseri Symphytum bohemicum Symphytum patens Symphytum majus Symphytum stenophyllum

Lower taxons

Symphytum officinale subsp. uliginosum