Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze

Épinard de Nouvelle-Zélande (fr), Tétragone fausse tétragone (fr), Tétragone cornue (fr), Tétragone (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Caryophyllales > Aizoaceae > Aizooideae > Tetragonia > Tetragonia subg. Tetragonoides

Characteristics

Prostrate or semi-erect annual or perennial, branching from base. Stems stout, papillose; young stems with vesicular hairs. Leaves ovate to rhomboid, 10–100 mm long, 5–50 mm wide, dark green above, paler below with larger papillae; midvein and pinnate lateral veins raised below; petiole 10–30 mm long, decurrent as a line of papillae. Flowers solitary, sessile or on pedicels up to 2 mm long. Perianth segments 5, lanceolate, unequal, up to 2 mm long, green and papillose outside, yellow and minutely papillose inside. Stamens at least twice as many as sepals, clustered or scattered. Ovary papillose; styles 5–10, 2 mm long. Fruit subglobular or top-shaped, c. 12 mm long, c. 10 mm broad, bony, dry, with 2 large and a number of smaller straight or incurved erect or spreading horns, occasionally angled but not horned. Seeds several in two rows, pear-shaped, smooth, amber or light brown.
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A large prostrate or prostrate-ascending somewhat succulent annual with stout trailing stems. Leaves 3-13 x 2-8.5 cm, rhombic, deltate or rhombic-ovate, obtuse or subacuminate at apex, with the base cuneate and more or less decurrent into the petiole, somewhat succulent; petiole 5-25 mm long. Flowers greenish or yellowish, solitary or paired, axillary, subsessile. Perianth-segments (3)4(5), up to 8 mm in fruit, acute, green outside, yellowish-green inside, unequal. Stamens 4-many, solitary or fasciculate, with orbicular anthers. Ovary semi-inferior, of 5-8 united carpels and 5-8 styles. Fruit up to 10 x 7 mm, smooth, conical or top-shaped, bearing below each perianth-segment a horn which sometimes gives rise to another flower or branchlet.
Stems mat-forming, 3-14 dm. Leaves 1-10 × 5-5 cm; petiole 1-3 cm, winged; blade pale green abaxially, dark green adaxially, midvein and lateral veins raised abaxially, ovate-rhombic to triangular, base truncate, papillate with larger papillae abaxially. Inflorescences: peduncle to 2 mm. Flowers sometimes unisexual; calyx lobes spreading, yellow, ovate to half orbiculate, 2 mm; stamens clustered or scattered. Fruits turbinate, 8-12 mm; horns 4-6. Seeds smooth. 2n = 32.
A perennial branched herb. It starts growing erect but after this lies over. It then grows along the ground. It grows to 12 cm high. The stems can spread out to 1 m along the ground. The leaves are small and thick on round fleshy stems. They are triangle shaped. They are 4-6 cm long. They have distinct veins underneath. The flowers are yellow and 8 mm across. They are hidden at the base of the leaves. The fruit is up to 1 cm long and with 4 or 5 horns on top.
Herbs annual, erect when young, becoming decumbent, 40-60 cm tall. Stems with densely placed bladder cells when young. Petiole 5-30 mm, thick; leaf blade rhomboid-ovate or deltoid-ovate, 0.4-10 × 2.5-8 cm. Pedicel to 2 mm. Flowers 1-3. Perigone tube 2-3 mm; lobes mostly 4, inside bright yellow to yellowish green. Stamens 10-13. Fruit turbinate, ca. 5 mm, 4-or 5-corniculate. Seeds as many as locules. Fl. and fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 16*
Leaves 3–13 × 2–8·5 cm., rhombic, deltate or rhombic-ovate, obtuse or subacuminate at apex, with the base cuneate and more or less decurrent into the petiole, somewhat succulent; petiole 5–25 mm. long.
Fruit up to 10 × 7 mm., smooth, conical or top-shaped, bearing below each perianth-segment a horn which sometimes gives rise to another flower or branchlet.
Perianth-segments (3)4(5), up to 8 mm. in fruit, acute, green outside, yellowish-green inside, unequal.
A large prostrate or prostrate-ascending somewhat succulent annual with stout trailing stems.
Flowers greenish or yellowish, solitary or paired, axillary, subsessile.
Stamens 4-many, solitary or fasciculate, with orbicular anthers.
Ovary semi-inferior, of 5–8 united carpels and 5–8 styles.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support -
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.0
Mature height (meter) 0.25
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A temperate plant. It will grow in hot dry climates. It is better suited to high altitude areas above 1000 m in tropical countries. It grows to 2700 m in Papua New Guinea. It grows on rocky or sandy ground often close to the seashore. It can grow in salty soils. It requires good drainage and full sun. It can grow in arid places. It suits hardiness zones 7-9. Tasmania Herbarium.
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Coastal sand dunes and stony beaches on North South and Stewart Islands of New Zealand. Sheltered beaches, salt marshes and arid plains in Australia.
Coastal sand dunes and stony beaches on North South and Stewart Islands of New Zealand. Sheltered beaches, salt marshes and arid plains in Australia.
On Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands a native of coastal cliffs, stabilised sand and similar habitats near the sea. (Green 1994).
Light 7-9
Soil humidity -
Soil texture 4-6
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-10

Usage

The fleshy leaves and tops are eaten. They can be eaten raw, steamed, boiled, stir-fried, creamed, served with mushrooms, or made into quiche. CAUTION They can contain oxalates and nitrates which can be poisonous.
Uses animal food environmental use food gene source leaf vegetable medicinal poison
Edible leaves shoots
Therapeutic use Cancer (unspecified), Cancer(Stomach) (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It is grown from seeds or cuttings. It is easy to save seed. Seed can be bought in stores. Seeds often grow better if soaked in water overnight. Seedlings are not easy to transplant so it is better to sow direct. Often 3-4 seeds are planted in a mound with the mounds 70 cm apart. Cuttings form roots quickly.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Tetragonia tetragonoides habit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Tetragonia tetragonoides leaf picture by Busch Ana (cc-by-sa)
Tetragonia tetragonoides leaf picture by Fernando da Luz Schmidt (cc-by-sa)
Tetragonia tetragonoides leaf picture by Frank Langer (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Tetragonia tetragonoides flower picture by Hugo SANTACREU (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Tetragonia tetragonoides fruit picture by Rita Morais (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Tetragonia tetragonoides world distribution map, present in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Switzerland, Chile, China, Cabo Verde, Germany, Algeria, Ecuador, Spain, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Greece, Honduras, Croatia, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Libya, Morocco, Madagascar, Mexico, Mozambique, Mauritius, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Portugal, Réunion, Somalia, Tonga, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID -
WFO ID wfo-0000414976
COL ID 7C2YJ
BDTFX ID 67274
INPN ID 125935
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Tetragonia quadricornis Tetragonia striata Tetragonia trigyna Tetragonia inermis Tetragonia cornuta Tetragonia borealis Demidovia tetragonoides Tetragonia purpurea Tetragonia japonica Tetragonia expansa Tetragonia halimifolia Tetragonia trigyna Tetragonia expansa var. cornuta Tetragonia tetragonoides