Trema orientalis (L.) Blume

Oriental trema (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Cannabaceae > Trema

Characteristics

Shrub to large tree, 3-36 m, 10-90 cm ø. Buttresses, if present, up to 1¼ m. Bark smooth to finely fissured, lenticellate, grey-brown or whitish-grey. Branchlets, stipules, petioles, and inflorescences densely set with appressed and matted or erect silvery to glaucous 1-celled hairs and short multicellular glandular hairs. Stipules linear-lanceolate to ovate-acute, 3-4 by 1-2 mm. Leaves thin-to thick-coriaceous, often rigid and brittle, ovate, ovate-lanceolate to narrow elliptic, lanceolate, (6-)10-15(-18) by (l½-)2½-6(-10)cm, index (2-)3-4(-5 ½) broadest at or mostly below the middle, mostly discolorous, above dull grey-brown or grey-green in dried specimens, scabrate and sparsely set with bulbous-based hairs, beneath densely tomentose by a combination of silvery, glaucous or grey-brown, appressed 1-celled hairs and shorter multicellular glandular hairs (Fig. 16); base cordate, rounded, or sometimes truncate, often contracted, asymmetrical or symmetrical; margin serrate to denticulate for its entire length; apex acute to acuminate-caudate; midrib and nerves raised beneath and impressed above; nerves 4-6(-8) pairs, the lowest pair arcuating and running up to ½-2l3 the length of the leaf; reticulations subscalariform to subareolate, sometimes strongly raised and distinct beneath; petiole (7—)10—15(—18) by 1-2 mm, densely short pubescent. Inflorescences either ♂ or ♀ borne on separate vegetative branches, a much-branched panicle or thyrse, at anthesis lax or condensed, axes 1-2 mm thick; bracts ovate-acute, 2-3 by 1 mm. Flowers 5-merous. ♂ Inflorescences up to 3-5 cm long, 20-100-flowered; ♂ flower c. 1 ½-2 mm ø; perianth lobes ciliate, 1½-2 by 1mm; filaments 1-1½ mm, anthers c. 1 by ½ mm, pistillode obovoid-conical, compressed, 1-1½ by ½-1 rnm. ♀ Inflorescences 5-15-flowered, 1½-2½ cm long, axes 1-2 mm thick; ♀ flower c. 2-3 by 1-2 mm; perianth lobes ovate acute, c. 1-1½ by ½ mm, ciliate and densely short pubescent, glabrescent; staminode absent; ovary ovoid-conical, c. 2 by 1 mm; stigmatic arms slender, c. 1-1½ mm., spreading. Drupe 3-5 by 2-4 mm, turning black when ripe. Endosperm scanty to copious.
More
A straight slender tree. It grows to 10 m high. The trunk is 15-20 cm across. It may or may not lose its leaves during the year. The leaves have 3 conspicuous veins from the base. The leaves are heart shaped and with 3 veins. The leaves are often widest at the base. Leaves are often 6-15 cm long by 2.5-5 cm wide. There are fine teeth along the edge of the leaf. The leaves are rough and hairy when young. The flowers are small, green and no easily seen. They occur in short dense bunches. Mostly male and female flowers occur separately. The fruit are small and round and black. They are 4-6 mm across.
Tree to 30 m high. Leaves: lamina ovate to narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, 4–20 cm long, (1–) 1.5–8 cm wide, cordate or rounded, symmetrical or oblique base, serrate margin, attenuate at apex, usually coriaceous, markedly discolorous, scabrous above, velvety over hoary indumentum below; veins 4–8 pairs; petiole 2–20 mm long; stipules linear-lanceolate, 3–10 mm long. Inflorescence few-to many-flowered, to 4 cm long. Flowers globose, c. 2 mm diam.; perianth persistent. Drupe ovoid, c. 3–5 mm long, purple to black, calyx lobes persistent at base. See also Zich et al. (2020).
Tree or shrub, 1.5-18.0 m high, branches spreading or drooping. Bark smooth, grey, becoming longitudinally fissured, lenticels conspicuous, twigs densely pubescent. Leaves ovate-attenuate to ovate-lanceolate, base rounded to cordate, not crenate, rest of margins closely crenate, apex acute; midrib and veins compressed above, prominent below, lamina pubescent below. Inflorescence greenish cream-coloured; male, female and few bisexual; subtending bracts triangular. Tepals 1.0-1.5(-2.0) x 0.5 mm. Flowering time Oct.-Mar. Fruit purple or black, ovoid-globose, glabrous.
Leaves (4.5)6–11 x (1.5)2.2x5 cm. (juvenile leaves up to 15 x 9 cm.), attenuate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; apex acuminate to attenuate; base rounded to cordate, ± asymmetric; margin evenly closely serrate from near the base; lamina ± scabrid, sparsely stiff-hairy (rarely glabrescent) above, ± densely pubescent to tomentose below, ± strongly 3-nerved from the base, midrib and lateral veins grooved above, prominent below; petiole 8–10( 13) mm. long; stipules 4–7 mm. long, lanceolate, pubescent, caducous.
Cymes 5–10 mm. long, many flowered; flowers mostly male with a few female (bisexual) flowers at the top, flowers greenish-cream; subtending bracts c. 1 mm. long, triangular; pedicels short or absent; sepals 1–1.5(2) x 0.5 mm.
Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m high. Leaf blade serrate almost from base, oblong-lanceolate to attenuate-ovate, (20-)75-140 x (12-)23-72 mm, rounded to cordate at base, penninerved. Stamens white. Flowers (perianth) green.
Shrub or small to medium tree up to 12 m. tall, deciduous; branches ± spreading; bark smooth, grey, lenticels conspicuous; twigs sparsely to densely pubescent.
Ovary pubescent, 1–1.5 mm. long; styles 0.5–1.2 mm. long, inrolled or divaricate, usually persistent.
Fruit drupaceous, purple or black, ovoid-globose, (2)3.5(4) mm. in diam. when dried, glabrous.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 0.15 - 0.2
Mature height (meter) 12.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

In W. Malesia and continental Asia the species is more common in the hills and montane regions between 600-2000 m, whereas in E. Malesia, Australia, and Pacific Islands it is more common in the lowlands. The ripe fruits which turn to deep purple or black are dispersed by various species of birds, particularly bulbuls. Fl. fr. Jan.-Dec.
More
A tropical plant. It needs good rainfall. It grows in tropical regions. It is light demanding. It can grow on thin poor soils. It grows in areas with an annual between 100-1,600 mm. It grows below 2,100 m above sea level. It can grow in acid soils. It can grow in arid places. In Sichuan and Yunnan.
Moist forests, dry scrub of open slopes at elevations of 400-1,900 metres in southern China. Open places on hillsides at elevations of 200-1,200 metres in Nepal.
Grows on sand dunes near mangrove swamps, in marginal rainforest and in alluvial soils in rainforest.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The young leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. The fruit are eaten.
Uses animal food charcoal coffee substitute construction dye environmental use fiber food fuelwood material medicinal non-vertebrate poison oil ornamental paper reforestation shade silage social use tanning timber wood
Edible fruits leaves
Therapeutic use Analgesics (bark), Epilepsy (bark), Epilepsy (leaf), Astringents (root), Epilepsy (root), Hematuria (root), Hemostatics (root), Asthma (unspecified), Ache(Bones) (unspecified), Conception (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Craw-Craw (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Epilepsy (unspecified), Gargle (unspecified), Glossitis (unspecified), Hematuria (unspecified), Hookworms (unspecified), Medicine (unspecified), Myalgia (unspecified), Parturition (unspecified), Roundworms (unspecified), Sprue (unspecified), Steam-Bath (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Venereal (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Yellow Fever (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Pleurisy (unspecified), Inappetence (unspecified), Pneumonia (unspecified), Testicle (unspecified), Wasting (unspecified), Throat (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. Seeds germinate easily. They can also be grown by cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 15 - 27
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Trema orientalis unspecified picture

Distribution

Trema orientalis world distribution map, present in Angola, Argentina, American Samoa, Australia, Burundi, Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Central African Republic, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Equatorial Guinea, Guam, Indonesia, India, Iceland, Japan, Kenya, Cambodia, Kiribati, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Mali, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Mauritius, Malawi, Malaysia, Mayotte, Nigeria, Nepal, Oman, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Réunion, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sao Tome and Principe, eSwatini, Seychelles, Chad, Togo, Thailand, Tonga, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, United States Minor Outlying Islands, United States of America, Viet Nam, Yemen, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:856758-1
WFO ID wfo-0000457758
COL ID 582Z9
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 656494
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Trema orientalis Trema glomeratum Trema burmanni Trema bracteolatum Sponia hochstetteri Sponia guineensis Sponia orientalis Sponia scaberrima Sponia strigosa Celtis commersonii Celtis laeta Celtis orientalis Trema sieberi Trema guineense Sponia nitens Sponia lucida Sponia africana Celtis guineensis Celtis glomerata Celtis rigida Colubrina leschenaultii Trema affine Trema grevei Trema griseum Trema hochstetteri Sponia andaresa Sponia commersonii Trema guineensis Trema commersonii Trema wightii Trema africanum Trema nitens Sponia wightii Sponia argentea Sponia glomerata Trema polygama Sponia affinis Trema argenteum Trema strigosum Trema scaberrimum Trema rigidum Sponia bracteolata Celtis guineensis var. parvifolia Celtis madagascariensis