Trema Lour.

Trema (en)

Genus

Angiosperms > Rosales > Cannabaceae

Characteristics

Trees or shrubs, often buttressed and with spreading and drooping branches, monoecious. Innovations variously and densely set with simple bulbose-based hairs or/and with short multicellular capitate-glandular hairs. Terminal buds ovoid-conical, enclosed by overlapping but free extrapetiolar, caducous stipules. Leaves penninerved; above ± glabrous, variously scabrate, beneath glabrous, subglabrous, or variously densely set with bulbous-based hairs and/or with short multicellular glandular hairs; base triplinerved, cordate to acute, often unequal-sided; margin variously serrate or denticulate; apex acute to acuminate or caudate; petiole sul-cate. Inflorescence axillary, paniculate or thyrsoid, many-flowered, condensed or lax at anthesis, ♂, ♀, ♂♀, densely and variously pubescent; bracts minute, ovate-acute, caducous. ♂ Flower globular; perianth 4-5-lobed, lobes induplicate-valvate in bud, boat-shaped; stamens glabrous, introrse; filament subulate, glabrous, incurved in bud; anthers subglobular to reniform, glabrous, dorsifixed near the base; pistillode present, hirsute at base. ♀ Flower ovoid; perianth 4-5-lobed; staminodes absent or very rarely present; ovary ovoid, (in Mal.) glabrous, slightly compressed, sessile; style short; ovule ana-to amphitropous. Drupe ovoid or sub-globose, (in Mal.) slightly compressed, glabrous; exocarp fleshy and fibrous, endocarp stony and very hard. Seed with a rather scanty or copious endosperm; embryo curved or nearly involute; hypocotyle ascending; cotyledons equal. Germination epigeal.
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Trees or shrubs, evergreen, monoecious, with simple hairs and sometimes with multicellular glandular hairs. Leaves alternate, penninerved; stipules free, extrapetiolar, caducous. Inflorescence an axillary panicle or thyrse, either unisexual or with both male and female flowers; bracts minute, caducous. Male flower globular; perianth 4-or 5-lobed, induplicate-valvate; stamens 4 or 5, included or exserted; anthers dorsifixed, introrse; pistillode present, hirsute. Female flowers ovoid; perianth 4-or 5-lobed; staminodes usually present; ovary sessile, with short style; stigmas spreading or incurved. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with or without endosperm; embryo curved.
Bisexual or monoecious trees or tall shrubs. Leaves alternate, distichous, more or less inequilateral, mostly serrate, shortly petiolate; stipules lateral. Inflorescences solitary, cymose or fasciculate. Bisexual flowers: sepals 4-5, connate at the base; stamens as many as and opposite the calyx lobes, anther dehiscence introrse; ovary sessile, 1-locular, the styles connate below. Staminate flowers with rudimentary pistil. Pistillate flowers without staminodes. Fruit a small ovoid or subglobose drupe with persistent styles, the embryo curved, the cotyledons falcate, thick.
Trees or shrubs, monoecious or dioecious, unarmed. Leaf-blades penninerved, usually serrate, ± scabrous. Stipules paired, lateral, free. Inflorescences usually congested axillary cymes with ♂ and ♀ or hermaphrodite flowers. Sepals (4–)5, shortly united, with ♂ buds induplicate-valvate and ♀ buds ± imbricate. Stamens equal in number to the sepals. Ovary sessile, 1-locular; styles short, divaricate or inrolled, unbranched, ± persistent. Drupes small, thinly fleshy; endocarp hard.
Trees or shrubs without spines, dioecious or monoecious. Inflorescences bisexual or unisexual. Tepals 5; stamens 5 and opposite the tepals; stigmas unbranched. Fruit up to 3 mm long.
Inflorescences axillary, cymose, often branched, usually congested, mainly male with female and bisexual flowers fewer and borne towards the apex.
Leaves alternate, penninerved, petiolate, unequal-sided at the base, serrate; stipules lateral, paired, free, caducous.
Sepals (4)5, shortly united at the base, induplicate-valvate in male buds, and imbricate in female buds.
Ovary sessile, 1-locular; styles short, unbranched, divaricate or inrolled, persistent.
Trees or shrubs, monoecious or dioecious, unarmed.
Fruits small, endocarp hard.
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Foliage retention evergreen
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Mature height (meter) 8.5 - 9.8
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Nitrogen fixer rhizobia
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Environment

Throughout its range of distribution the genus seems to grow well and often gregariously in newly opened up habitats on various types of soils ranging from heavy laterite to limestone soils and soils derived from volcanic ash (Fig. 17), from sea-level up to 2000 m.Pollination is probably affected by wind and small insects.The fruits which turn orange, red or black when ripe are dispersed by various species of bulbuls.In East Java CLASON ( CLASON Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III 13 1935 509 f. III ) reported that following the frequent eruptions of Mt Kelud, Trema spp. together with Parasponia spp. formed a dominant association in the regrowths on volcanic ash.
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Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

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Cultivation

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