Typha latifolia L.

Common bulrush (en), Massette à larges feuilles (fr), Massette à feuilles larges (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Poales > Typhaceae > Typha

Characteristics

Erect shoots 150--300 cm; flowering shoots 1--2 cm thick in middle, stems 3--7 mm thick near inflorescence. Leaves: usually glaucous when fresh; sheath sides papery or membranous, margins narrowly clear, summit tapered into blade to distinctly shouldered, or rarely with firm, papery auricles; mucilage glands at sheath-blade transition usually colorless, obscure, absent from sheath center and blade; widest blades on shoot 10--23(--29) mm wide when fresh, 5--20 mm when dry, distal blades about equaling inflorescence. Inflorescences: staminate spikes contiguous with pistillate or in some clones separated by to 4(--8) cm of naked axis, about as long as pistillate, ca. 1--2 cm thick at anthesis; staminate scales colorless to straw-colored, filiform, simple, ca. 4  0.05 mm; pistillate spikes in flower pale green drying brownish, later blackish brown or reddish brown, in fruit often mottled with whitish patches of pistil-hair tips, 5--25 cm  5--8 mm in flower, 24--36 mm thick in fruit; compound pedicels in fruit bristle-like, variable in same spike, 1.5--3.5 mm; pistillate bracteoles absent. Staminate flowers 5--12 mm; anthers 1--3 mm, thecae yellow, apex dark brown; pollen in tetrads. Pistillate flowers 2--3 mm in flower, 10--15 mm in fruit; pistil-hair tips colorless, whitish in mass, not enlarged; stigmas persistent, forming solid layer on spike surface, pale green in flower, drying brownish, then reddish brown or usually distally blackish, spatulate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 0.6--1  0.2--0.25 mm; carpodia exceeded by and hidden among pistil hairs, straw-colored, apex rounded. Seeds numerous. 2n = 30.
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Stems erect, stout 1.5–3.5 m. high.. Leaf-sheaths abruptly rounded to auriculate at the junction with the blade and scarious-margined, sometimes purple-spotted within; blade linear, up to 2 m. long, 8–10 mm. wide, with an obtuse tip and narrow base, the base flat above and convex beneath in dried material, glabrous, glaucous.. Inflorescence of contiguous spikes, each subtended by a caducous foliaceous bract, the ♀ spike sometimes constricted or interrupted, each part with a subtending bract and separated by 0–3.5 cm.. Male spike 8–12 cm. long, l.3–l.8(–2.5) cm. wide at maturity; bracteoles linear, beige or pinkish-fawn, ± as long as the stamens; stamens with white filaments stouter than the bracteoles; anthers 3–4 mm. long with the connective produced into an obtuse rounded black tip as broad as the anther, or broader; mature pollen grains adhering in tetrads, pale primrose-yellow.. Female spike 13–16(–25) cm. long, 2.5–3.5(–4) cm. wide, yellow-green at first, becoming dark sepia-brown or almost black at maturity; pedicels numerous, filiform, 20–30 per sq. mm.; bracteoles not present; carpodia pale, speckled with red, ± as long as the perigonous hairs; fertile flowers with a broadly lanceolate stigma much longer than the perigonous hairs.. Fig. 1/9, p. 3.
Stems 1–3 m; lvs flat, (8–)10–23 mm wide; pistillate and staminate portions of the spike contiguous, or rarely separated by as much as 4 mm, the pistillate portion brown, 10–15 cm, 2–3 cm thick at maturity; compound pedicels long and slender; pistillate bracteoles wanting; stigma broad and thick, spatulate; fr 1 cm, with copious white hairs arising near the base (these linear, not expanded upwards), the achene 1 mm long, above the middle of the whole fr; sterile pistillate fls about as long as the fertile and similarly hairy, expanded into a spatulate tip; staminate bracteoles white, capillary; pollen in tetrads; 2n=30. Clean marshes; nearly cosmop., and throughout our range, the common sp. inland. Hybrids with the next 2 spp. have been called T. ×glauca Godr.
Stems 1-2.5 m tall, stout. Leaves 45-95 cm × 5-15 mm, abaxially convex, transverse section semilunate. Male part of spikes 3.5-12 cm, with 1-3 deciduous bracts at base or occasionally in middle portion; female part of spikes not separated from male part, 5-23 cm. Male flowers: stamens usually 2; anthers ca. 3 mm. Female flowers without bracteoles; ovary lanceolate; stalk ca. 4 mm, slender; styles 2.5-3 mm; stigmas lanceolate, 1-1.2 mm; hairs on stalk shorter than style. Fruit lanceolate. Fl. and fr. May-Aug. 2n = 30.
Flowering stems to 2.5 m tall. Leaves greyish green; sheath of upper leaves auriculate; lamina to 1 m long, 1-2 cm wide. Male and female inflorescences contiguous or to 0.5 cm apart. Male inflorescences 6-16 cm long, 1-1.5 cm diam.; pollen shed in tetrads. Female inflorescences 10-20 cm long, 1.7-2.5 cm diam., blackish brown or rarely red-brown; floral bracts absent. Stigma narrowly obovate to obovate, usually flat, somewhat fleshy and black tipped.
A herb. It is a reed which grows in water. They spread by underground rhizomes. The leaves are bluish-green and like straps. They can be 2-2.5 m long and 2.5 cm wide. The flower heads form a compact cylinder. This is 15-23 cm long and 2.5 cm across. The upper part is male and yellow. The lower part is female and stays dark brown. These are not separated. The seeds have hairs attached to them.
Tall aquatic herb up to 9 ft. high
Female inflorescence brown
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support aquatic free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination anemogamy
Spread anemochory
Mature width (meter) 2.5
Mature height (meter) 1.5 - 2.5
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) 0.45
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It grows in tropical and temperate places. Deccan. It grows in swamps. It needs rich silty soils and an open, sunny position. It is hardy to frost. It grows between sea level and 1,950 m above sea level. It can grow in salty soils. It grows in wetlands. It can grow in arid places. Tasmanian Herbarium. in Sichuan and Yunnan.
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Shallow water up to 1  deep in ponds, lakes, ditches, slow-flowing streams etc, succeeding in acid or alkaline conditions. Margins and shallow water of eutrophic lakes, marshes, rivers, ponds and ditches.
Shallow water up to 1  deep in ponds, lakes, ditches, slow-flowing streams etc, succeeding in acid or alkaline conditions. Margins and shallow water of eutrophic lakes, marshes, rivers, ponds and ditches.
In permanent water.
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 7-10
Soil texture 1-4
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 3-8

Usage

The root is peeled, then dried in the sun and ground into flour before cooking. It can be used for breads, cookies, biscuits and muffins. The young white shoots near the root are cut off, washed, boiled then eaten with oil and salt. They can be made into pickles. The seeds are eaten on the Deccan in India. The young green flower spikes are boiled and eaten like corn on the cob. They are eaten with butter. They can be scraped from the cob and baked in a casserole. The pollen can be mixed with wheat flour in pancakes and muffin recipes.
Uses animal food environmental use fiber food food additive gene source material medicinal oil poison spice
Edible flowers fruits leaves rhizomes roots seeds shoots stems
Therapeutic use Antidiarrheal (flower), Burn Dressing (fruit), Other (fruit), Dermatological Aid (fruit), Misc. Disease Remedy (fruit), Ceremonial Medicine (leaf), Gastrointestinal Aid (leaf), Dermatological Aid (leaf), Dermatological Aid (root), Disinfectant (root), Gastrointestinal Aid (root), Kidney Aid (root), Hemostat (root), Orthopedic Aid (root), Venereal Aid (root), Veterinary Aid (root), Unspecified (unspecified), Burn Dressing (unspecified), Dermatological Aid (unspecified), Pediatric Aid (unspecified), Pulmonary Aid (unspecified), Gynecological Aid (unspecified), Misc. Disease Remedy (unspecified), Hemostat (unspecified), Ceremonial Medicine (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Abdomen (unspecified), Amenorrhea (unspecified), Anticoagulant (unspecified), Burn (unspecified), Coagulant (unspecified), Cystitis (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Hematafeces (unspecified), Hematemesis (unspecified), Hematuria (unspecified), Hemorrhage (unspecified), Hemostatic (unspecified), Leucorrhea (unspecified), Metrorrhagia (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Scald (unspecified), Sterilizant (unspecified), Styptic (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Urethritis (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Vulnerary (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Suppurative (unspecified), Epistaxis (unspecified), Hemoptysis (unspecified), Metroxenia (unspecified), Vaginitis (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Tattoo (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown by division. It can also be grown by seed.
Mode divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) 17 - 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 10 - 25
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Typha latifolia habit picture by Tristan Jaton-Maria (cc-by-sa)
Typha latifolia habit picture by elena🌞 dei boschi🌿 (cc-by-sa)
Typha latifolia habit picture by Tomaž Jančar (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Typha latifolia leaf picture by Glenn L (cc-by-sa)
Typha latifolia leaf picture by gg yulian (cc-by-sa)
Typha latifolia leaf picture by gg yulian (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Typha latifolia flower picture by Palos Virgi (cc-by-sa)
Typha latifolia flower picture by Arienza javier (cc-by-sa)
Typha latifolia flower picture by Baizán Evaristo (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Typha latifolia fruit picture by Menno Wolff (cc-by-sa)
Typha latifolia fruit picture by Menno Wolff (cc-by-sa)
Typha latifolia fruit picture by Autumn McClintock (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Typha latifolia world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Åland Islands, Albania, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Belarus, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Canada, Switzerland, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Germany, Djibouti, Denmark, Algeria, Spain, Finland, France, Micronesia (Federated States of), Georgia, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, Ireland, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco, Malaysia, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Palau, Poland, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Portugal, Paraguay, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Sweden, Turks and Caicos Islands, Turkmenistan, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, United States of America, and Uzbekistan

Conservation status

Typha latifolia threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:836870-1
WFO ID wfo-0000595260
COL ID 59V6S
BDTFX ID 70154
INPN ID 128077
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Massula latifolia Typha crassa Typha elatior Typha major Typha ambigua Typha elatior Typha elongata Typha engelmannii Typha media Typha palustris Typha pendula Typha remotiuscula Typha latifolia f. latifolia Typha intermedia Typha latifolia f. divisa Typha spathulifolia Typha angustifolia var. inaequalis Typha angustifolia var. media Typha angustifolia var. sonderi Typha latifolia var. angustifolia Typha latifolia var. gracilis Typha latifolia var. elata Typha latifolia var. elatior Typha latifolia var. elongata Typha latifolia var. obconica Typha latifolia var. remotiuscula Typha latifolia var. typica Typha latifolia var. ambigua Typha latifolia subsp. eulatifolia Typha latifolia