Vangueria esculenta S.Moore

Species

Angiosperms > Gentianales > Rubiaceae > Vangueria

Characteristics

Small tree or shrub 1.8-6(12) m tall, with smooth bark; branchlets slender, at first covered with spreading yellowish-brown hairs, later ± glabrous, dull purplish, with finely ridged bark which flakes off in small pieces. Leaves membranous to thinly papery, 2-11 x 0.6-4.8 cm, elliptic or ovate-elliptic to elliptic-oblong, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, almost glabrous to densely pubescent above and on the nervation beneath, never velvety and the surface never obscured; lateral nerves in 6(7) main pairs; tertiary nerves moderately finely reticulate; petiole 5-9(15) mm long, spreading pubescent; stipules joined at base to form a cylindrical sheath 2 mm long with decurrent pubescent subulate appendage 5-7 mm long. Inflorescences pubescent, sweet-scented, often at leafless nodes, 1-2 cm long, usually of 7-flowered short dichasial cymes; peduncle 0.9-1.5 cm long with involucre of small brownish bracts at apex and another about one third the length below it or midway, presumably a true peduncle with a secondary axis but lateral branchlets suppressed; true secondary branches c. 2 mm long; pedicels 0-2 mm long. Calyx pubescent; tube c. 1 mm long, campanulate; lobes c. 1.5 mm long, triangular. Corolla rounded or ± acute in bud, distinctly contracted around the limb/tube junction in the dry state; white, yellow or pale green, glabrous or with a very few scattered hairs or with limb part pubescent outside, tube 4-5 mm long; lobes 3-3.5 x 1.5-1.8 mm, oblong-triangular, acute but not apiculate, strongly reflexed. Style exserted 1.5-2 mm; pollen presenter 0.7 mm long, ± cylindrical. Fruits deep yellow, 18-22 mm wide; pyrenes 3-5, each 18 x 8 mm with a conspicuous almost central notch.
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Frutex elatus vel arbuscula ramulis sat attenuatis patentibus rigidis cortice subfusco obductis ultimis paucifoliatis diutule pubescentibus, foliis parvulis brevipetiolatis lanceolatis vel lanceolato-ovatis sursum attenuatis apice obtusis basi rotundatis membranaceis utraque facie praesertim vero in nervis fulvopubescentibus costis secundariis utrinque circa 6 aperte arcuatis, stipulis e basi lata linearibus acutis pubescentibus, floribus pro rata mediocribus in cymas paucifloras sat longas praecipue ex axillis jam defoliatis ortis digestis, calycis tubo (ovario) hemisphaerico puberulo limbo aequilongo limbo in lobos 4 vel 5 triangulares obtusos acutosve alte diviso obscure puberulo, corollae; tubo calycem plane excedente etsi brevi cylindrico sub limbo puberulo ore villosulo lobis 4 vel 5 tubo brevioribus oblongis acutis extus puberulis, antheris ori corollae affixis breviter exsertis apice acutis, ovario 4-5-loculari, stylo breviter exserto, stigmate cylindraceo-capitato. Folia 3-4 (raro 5) cm. long., 1.2-2 (raro 2.5) cm. lat., in sicco viridia, subtus parum pallidiora; petioli 4-5 mm. long., fulvo-pubescentes. Stipulae circa 4 mm. long. Cymae saepissime 1-1.5 cm. long., pubescentes. Bracteae ovatae, circa 1.5 mm. long. Ovarium 1.2 mm. long., calycis lobi 1 mm. Corollae tubus humectatus 4 mm. long., vix totidem lat.; lobi 3 mm. long. Filamenta 0.5 mm., antherae 1.75 mm. long. Discus maxime eminens. Stylus compressus, superne angustatus, glaber, 6 mm. long.; stigma 0.6 mm. long.
Leaves membranous to thinly papery, 2–11 × 0.6–4.8 cm, elliptic or ovate-elliptic to elliptic-oblong, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, almost glabrous to densely pubescent above and on the nervation beneath, never velvety and the surface never obscured; lateral nerves in 6(7) main pairs; tertiary nerves moderately finely reticulate; petiole 5–9(15) mm long, spreading pubescent; stipules joined at base to form a cylindrical sheath 2 mm long with decurrent pubescent subulate appendage 5–7 mm long.
Inflorescences pubescent, sweet-scented, often at leafless nodes, 1–2 cm long, usually of 7-flowered short dichasial cymes; peduncle 0.9–1.5 cm long with involucre of small brownish bracts at apex and another about one third the length below it or midway, presumably a true peduncle with a secondary axis but lateral branchlets suppressed; true secondary branches c. 2 mm long; pedicels 0–2 mm long.
A slender shrub or small tree. It grows up to 10 m tall. The trunk is round and fluted. The bark is grey and smooth. The leaves are simple and opposite. They are 7.6 cm long. They are oval or sword shaped. The tips have points and they taper to the base. The flowers are in clusters in the axils of leaves. They are greenish-yellow. The fruit is roundish and 2.5 cm across. The fruit is edible.
Corolla rounded or ± acute in bud, distinctly contracted around the limb/tube junction in the dry state; white, yellow or pale green, glabrous or with a very few scattered hairs or with limb part pubescent outside, tube 4–5 mm long; lobes 3–3.5 × 1.5–1.8 mm, oblong-triangular, acute but not apiculate, strongly reflexed.
Small tree or shrub 1.8–6(12) m tall, with smooth bark; branchlets slender, at first covered with spreading yellowish-brown hairs, later ± glabrous, dull purplish, with finely ridged bark which flakes off in small pieces.
Fruits deep yellow, 18–22 mm wide; pyrenes 3–5, each 18 × 8 mm with a conspicuous almost central notch.
Calyx pubescent; tube c. 1 mm long, campanulate; lobes c. 1.5 mm long, triangular.
Pollen presenter 0.7 mm long, ± cylindrical.
Style exserted 1.5–2 mm.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 9.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A tropical plant. It occurs in forest, dune forest and at the edges of forest. It grows between 1,100-1,800 m above sea level.
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An understorey plant in evergreen forests at elevations from 1,100-1,800 metres, occasionally found as low as 200 metres.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The fruit are eaten raw.
Uses material medicinal
Edible fruits
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Distribution

Vangueria esculenta world distribution map, present in Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:769733-1
WFO ID wfo-0000331226
COL ID 7FF6H
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Vangueria esculenta var. glabra Vangueria esculenta