Xylopia aethiopica A.Rich.

Ethiopian pepper (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Magnoliales > Annonaceae > Xylopia

Characteristics

Tall evergreen aromatic tree or shrub, 5.4–30(–45) m. tall, with fairly smooth grey-brown bark, a much-branched crown and sometimes a buttressed bole; young branchlets puberulous at first, but soon glabrous, reddish-brown to blackish, smooth or rugose and mostly with many conspicuous lenticels.. Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic, ovate or oblanceolate, (6–)8–16.4 cm. long, 2.8–6.5 cm. wide, obtuse, acute or prominently acuminate at the apex (the acumen attaining 2 cm.), cuneate to rounded and decurrent at the base, coriaceous, drying bluish-green above and greenish-brown to orange beneath, glabrous above, adpressed pubescent or glabrescent (silky pilose when very young) and usually ± glaucous beneath; venation laxly to densely reticulate, usually prominent on both surfaces but sometimes obscure above; petiole 3–6 mm. long, blackish, adpressed pubescent or glabrescent.. Flowers solitary or in 3–5-flowered fascicles, fragrant; pedicels 0.4–1.1 cm. long, adpressed ferruginous pubescent; bracteoles 2–3, cucullate, 1–4 mm. long, 2–2.5 mm. wide, adpressed pubescent outside, glabrous inside.. Sepals ovate-triangular, 3–5 mm. long and wide, rounded to acute or apiculate, glabrescent to pubescent outside, glabrous inside.. Petals cream, greenish-white or yellow; outer linear, 2.5–5.5 cm. long, 2–3.5 mm. wide above, 5–6 mm. wide at the base, concave at the base, silky pubescent outside, tomentellous inside save at the base; inner rather shorter and narrower, 2.7–4.5 cm. long, 1.5–2 mm. wide, tomentellous save at the base.. Stamens linear, 1–1.5 mm. long; connective-prolongation obliquely capitate, papillose or pubescent.. Carpels 24–32(–42); ovary cylindric, 1–1.5 mm. long, sparsely adpressed pilose, 6–8-ovuled; styles linear-tapering, aggregated to form a very narrow cone ± 3–4.5 mm. long.. Fruiting pedicels 0.7–1.2(–2.2) cm. long; monocarps (5–) 16–24(–42), green to reddish, cylindrical, 1.5–6 cm. long, 5–7 mm. wide, straight, obtuse, 1–8-seeded, not or scarcely constricted between the seeds, glabrous, ± smooth but usually diagonally ridged, subsessile.. Seeds orange-red to black, cylindrical, vertical, 5–7 mm. long, 2–4 mm. wide and thick; aril papery, yellow, 2–3 mm. long.. Fig. 19, p. 78.
More
A tall evergreen tree. It grows to 30 m tall. It has many branches and is aromatic. The bark is grey-brown. It peels easily. The leaves are oblong and 8-16.5 cm long by 2.8-6.5 cm wide. They are leathery and bluish-green. They have fine hairs underneath. The base tapers and runs into the leaf stalk. The flowers are single and in twisted branched spikes. These are 5.5 cm long by 0,4 cm wide. They are creamy-green in colour. The fruit has 7-24 carpels each one like a pod. They are 6 cm long and form dense clusters. They are green to red in colour and red inside. They are succulent and split when ripe. The seeds are black and 10 mm long. They have a yellow papery seed layer.
Leaves petiolate; lamina (6) 8–16.4 x 2.8–6.5 cm., oblong or elliptic to oblanceolate or ovate, acute to obtuse or usually with an acumen up to 2 cm. long at the apex, cuneate to rounded and decurrent at the base, coriaceous, bluish-green and glabrous above, greenish-brown to orange (usually ± glaucous) and appressed-pubescent or glabrescent below, with nerves and ± densely reticulate venation prominent on both sides; petiole 3–6 mm. long, often blackish, appressed-pubescent or glabrescent.
Petals greenish-white to yellow, the outer ones 2.5–5 x c. 0.5 cm., linear, curved in section above, concave at the base, sericeous-pubescent outside, tomentellous within except at the base, the inner ones somewhat shorter, narrower, flat or quadrangular in section above, concave at the base, tomentellous except at the base.
Fruit on a pedicel 7–12 (22) mm. long; fruiting carpels (5) 16–24 (42), 1.5–6 x 0.5–0.7 cm., 1–8-seeded, cylindric, straight, not apiculate, not or scarcely constricted between the seeds, glabrous, ± smooth, usually diagonally ridged, green or reddish, subsessile.
Flowers solitary or in 2–5-flowered fasciculate or ± condensed cymes, very fragrant; pedicels 4–11 mm. long, appressed-rusty-pubescent; bracteoles 2, reduced.
Sepals 3–5 mm. long, ovate-triangular, obtuse or apiculate to rounded, appressed-pubescent or glabrescent outside, glabrous and blackish within.
Branches red-brown to blackish, smooth or ± rugose, puberulent at first, eventually glabrous; lenticels usually numerous and conspicuous.
Carpels c. 24–32 (42), c. 4 mm. long; ovary cylindric, appressed-pilose, 6–8-ovulate; style c. 3 times as long as the ovary, cylindric.
Seeds 5–7 mm. long, cylindric, orange-red to black, vertical, with yellow papyraceous aril 2–3 mm. long.
Stamens 1–1.5 mm. long, linear; connective-prolongation ± obliquely capitate, papillose or pubescent.
Tree 5.4–30 (45) m. high, erect, with fairly smooth grey-brown bark, sometimes buttressed.
Fruit a cluster of very numerous narrow dark brown carpels.
Greenish-white fragrant flowers
A tree, up to 60 ft. high
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 18.29 - 20.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It occurs in evergreen forest at low altitude. It grows in both lowland rainforest and on the edges of forests in the savannah zones. It can grow on the edges of mangroves and in palm groves. It can grow in seasonally flooded forests. It suits humid locations.
More
Lowland rainforest, coastal brackish swamps and littoral formations, and deciduous and fringing forests of the Guinean savannah zones.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-10

Usage

The fruit and seeds are used for an aromatic peppery spice. It is used to flavour coffee, wine and other food dishes. They are cooked in soup for flavouring and as a spice.
Uses coffee substitute construction essential oil food food additive fuel gene source material medicinal perfumery poison social use spice wood
Edible flowers fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Fertility agents (bark), Wounds and injuries (bark), Asthma (fruit), Diabetes mellitus (fruit), Exanthema (fruit), Fertility agents (fruit), Furunculosis (fruit), Low back pain (fruit), Anthelmintics (seed), Headache (seed), Neuralgia (seed), Headache (unspecified), Bilious (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Fumitory (unspecified), Neuralgia (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Respiratory (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Eruption (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Carminative (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Fertility(Female) (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Boil (unspecified), Lumbago (unspecified), Analgesics (unspecified), Anti-bacterial agents (unspecified), Antifungal agents (unspecified), Anti-infective agents (unspecified), Antioxidants (unspecified), Antiparasitic agents (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Hypnotics and sedatives (unspecified), Hypolipidemic agents (unspecified), Insecticides (unspecified), Postnatal care (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Xylopia aethiopica unspecified picture

Conservation status

Xylopia aethiopica threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:76056-1
WFO ID wfo-0000428869
COL ID 5CLYZ
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Uvaria eminii Uvaria aethiopica Xylopia aethiopica Unona aethiopica Annona aethiopica Habzelia aethiopica Xylopia eminii Xylopia gilletii Habzelia aethiopica Xylopicrum aethiopicum Xylopia dekeyzeriana