Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link

Marram (en), Chiendent marin (fr), Oyat (fr), Ammophile des sables (fr), Roseau des sables (fr), Gourbet (fr), Oyat des sables (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Poales > Poaceae > Ammophila

Characteristics

Long-rhizomatous, wiry-leaved perennials forming compact, glaucous-grey tufts to 170 cm; with strong woody rhizomes and numerous fibrous roots; branching intravaginal. Leaf-sheath glabrous, light straw-brown or brownish purple. Ligule 15-30 mm, membranous, narrowed to a point, abaxially covered with very minute hairs. Leaf-blade 35-60 cm ×c. 1.5 mm diam., tightly involute, abaxially glabrous, adaxially ribbed, ribs densely short stiff hairy. Culm 70-145 cm, internodes usually scabrid, sometimes smooth to slightly scabrid. Panicle 15-25-(35.5) cm, spike-like, cylindric, tapering above, with numerous crowded light green spikelets; rachis minutely scabrid, erect branches and pedicels hidden among spikelets. Glumes 9.5-14 mm, ± equal, persistent, subhyaline, narrow-lanceolate, glabrous, keel and margins minutely scabrid, tip blunt or obtuse; lower usually 1-nerved, upper usually 3-nerved. Lemma 8.5-13 mm, < glumes, 5-nerved, narrow-lanceolate, obtuse, minutely apiculate, keeled, keel minutely scabrid. Palea 2-4-nerved, subhyaline, central nerves minutely scabrid. Lodicules 1.5-2.5 mm. Callus ringed by long straight silky hairs. Rachilla prolongation bearing long, straight, silky hairs. Anthers 3.5-5.5 mm. Caryopsis c. 3 mm.
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Robust, tufted, rhizomatous perennial, 0.6-1.3 m high; culms creeping through blown sand. Leaf blade up to 750 mm long, rolled, appearing setaceous; ligule a conspicuous tapering unfringed membrane which splits into 2. Inflorescence a very narrow, spikelike panicle; old inflorescences persistent until autumn. Spikelet 9-13 mm long, laterally compressed, disarticulating above glumes; glumes equal to or longer than spikelet, keeled; lower glume 1-nerved; upper glume 1-3-nerved. Floret 1; lemma less firm than glumes, 5-7-nerved, keeled, lobed, mucronate at apex; callus hard, knob-like; anther 4.5-6.5 mm long. Flowering time Oct.-Dec.
A grass. It is a perennial plant 1.2 m high. It grows in clumps. It has extensive creeping and branching rhizomes. The leaves are tightly rolled inwards. They form straw like tubes. They are 60 cm long. The open leaf has hairy veins along it on the upper surface. Where the leaf sheath and blade join there is a membrane 3 cm long clasping the stem. It is yellowish-green. The flowers are in spike like clusters. They are cylindrical. These are 27 cm long and on a rigid stem. The spikelets contain male and female flower parts.
Robust, tufted perennial 600-1300 mm high; rhizomatous; culms creeping through blown sand. Leaf blade to 750 mm long, rolled, appearing setaceous; ligule a conspicuous, tapering, unfringed membrane that splits into two. Inflorescence very narrow, spike-like; old inflorescences persistent until autumn. Spikelet 9-13 mm long; callus hard, knob-like; anther 4.5-6.5 mm long.
Robust, rhizomatous perennial to 1 m. Leaves rolled, rigid. Spikelets in a narrow, spike-like panicle, straw-coloured.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination anemogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.6 - 1.1
Root system fibrous-root rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) 1.0
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Sand dunes by the coast. It is the prime colonist of unstable and mobile sand hills in dune systems, dominating the 'white dune' stage, and is commonly a component of other plant communities at tops of beaches and on very sandy coastal ground.
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It is a temperate and Mediterranean plant. It grows naturally on sand dunes by the coast in Britain. It requires a sunny position in a well drained soil. It can tolerate seaside conditions. It is damaged by frost. Tasmanian Herbarium.
Light 7-8
Soil humidity 3-6
Soil texture 3-6
Soil acidity 4-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-7

Usage

The root is recorded as eaten.
Uses fiber fodder
Edible roots
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown by seed or by division of the plant.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) 14 - 28
Germination temperacture (C°) 20
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -29
Optimum temperature (C°) 9 - 20
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Ammophila arenaria unspecified picture

Distribution

Ammophila arenaria world distribution map, present in Canada, France, New Zealand, United States of America, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1141132-2
WFO ID wfo-0000845777
COL ID 66CPP
BDTFX ID 4138
INPN ID 82139
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Ammophila arenaria Ammophila arundinaceae Arundo littoralis Phalaris ammophila Psamma ammophila Psamma pallida Phalaris maritima Ammophila arenaria var. arundinacea Ammophila arenaria subsp. arenaria

Lower taxons

Ammophila arenaria subsp. australis