Annona squamosa L.

Sugar apple (en), Pomme cannelle (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Magnoliales > Annonaceae > Annona

Characteristics

Shrubs or trees , to ca. 8 m; trunks short, not buttressed at base. Principal leaves late deciduous; petiole 4-22 mm. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to oblong or lanceolate, 5-17 × 2-5.5 cm, base broadly cuneate to rounded, apex acute to obtuse; surfaces glaucous, abaxially variably pubescent, adaxially glabrate. Inflorescences solitary flowers or fascicles; peduncle slender, to 2 cm, becoming enlarged in fruit. Flowers: sepals deltate, 1.5-2 mm, apex acute, surfaces abaxially pubescent or glabrous; outer petals pale green above purplish base, oblong or lance-oblong, 1.5-3 cm, base slightly concave, surfaces abaxially furrowed, pubescent, adaxially thickened, keeled; inner petals ovate, keeled, minute, nearly as long as stamens; stamens club-shaped, curved, 1-3 mm; connective dilated, flattened and truncate; pistils conically massed, separable at anthesis, later connate. Syncarp pendulous on thickened peduncle, greenish yellow, glaucous, mostly ±globose, 5-10 cm, muricate. Seed ellipsoid to obovoid, 1-1.4 cm.
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Trees, deciduous, to 8 m tall. Bark thin. Branchlets pubescent, glabrescent. Petiole 4-15 mm; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or oblong, 5-17.5 × 2-7.5 cm, thinly papery to membranous, abaxially pale green and puberulent when young but glabrate in age, base obtuse to rounded and slightly decurrent, apex acute to obtuse, lateral veins 8-15 on each side of midvein, adaxially flat. Inflorescences 1-flowered or 2-4-fasciculate. Flowers 2-3 cm, puberulent. Sepals triangular. Outer petals basally green to purple, oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-3 × 0.5-0.8 cm, fleshy, thick, inside concave, keeled on apical half; inner petals absent or reduced to scales, as long as stamens. Stamens oblong, ca. 1 mm; connective broad, apex subtruncate. Carpels oblong, distinct at anthesis; stigmas ovate-lanceolate. Syncarp greenish yellow, slightly pruinose, spherical to ovoid, 5-10 cm in diam., areoles rounded, convex, separated by deep grooves; pulp white. Seeds black-brown, ca. 14 mm. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jun-Nov.
Tree or shrub to 6 m high. Shoots and branchlets pubescent with grey hairs, glabrescent. Leaves: petiole 7–15 mm long; lamina elliptic, narrowly elliptic, oblong, elliptic-oblong, oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate or obovate, 3.5–17 cm long, 1.8–6 cm wide, acute, obtuse or rounded at base, acute or obtuse at apex, glabrescent; secondary veins usually 5–10 pairs. Flowers few in leaf-opposed cymes; pedicel 10–20 mm long; bracts 0.5 mm long. Sepals very broadly triangular, 1.5–2.5 mm long and wide, sparsely pubescent, glabrescent. Petals greenish yellow, yellowish with a crimson base inside. Outer petals narrowly ovate to oblong, 16–25 mm long, 6–7.5 mm wide, obtuse, puberulous or tomentellous, concave inside at base, keeled towards apex. Inner petals minute or absent. Stamens 1.5 mm long. Carpels partially connate. Syncarpium broadly ovoid to subglobular, (5–) 6–10 cm long, 5–9 (–10) cm wide, somewhat glaucous green; areoles rounded, separated by deep grooves. Seeds 12.5–14 mm long, c. 8 mm wide.
Much branched shrub or small tree 3–6 m. tall.. Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic-oblong, oblong-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 7–17 cm. long, 3–5.5 cm. wide, obtuse or subacute at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, glabrous above, slightly pubescent or glabrescent beneath; petiole 0.4–1 cm. long.. Outer petals green, purple at the base, oblong, 1.6–2.5 cm. long, 6–7.5 mm. wide, keeled inside; inner petals reduced to minute scales or absent.. Fruits globose or conical, 5–10 cm. long and wide, formed of loosely cohering or almost free carpels, the rounded ends projecting to render the surface tuberculate; surface greenish-yellow with a powdery bloom; pulp white tinged yellow.. Seeds dark brown.
A bushy deciduous tree up to 6 m high. It has irregular spreading branches. The leaves are oblong and narrow, often 12 cm long by 4 cm wide. The leaves have fine hairs underneath. The leaves are dull green and smell when crushed. The flowers droop or hang from branches either singly or in groups of 2 or 3. The flowers are greenish colour. The fruit are 8-10 cm across and greenish in colour. The fruit is covered with round fleshy scales which drop off as the fruit ripens. Inside the fruit are several shiny black seeds about 1.5 cm long. The fruit flesh is white and soft.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.0
Mature height (meter) 6.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.6
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It suits lowland drier climates. It grows naturally in the dry hills around Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea. The trees will probably grow satisfactorily up to about 1000 metres altitude in equatorial zones. In Colombia it grows between 340-1,300 m above sea level. Sweetsops cannot stand frost but they are able to survive droughts better than many fruit trees. Trees do not like waterlogged soils. Sweetsops can grow on fairly poor, dry, stony soils. In Bolivia they grow in areas with rainfall or 500-1,000 mm per year. It suits hardiness zones 10-12.
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Grows in open forest, monsoon forest, vine thickets (Zich et al. 2020).
Not known in a truly wild situation
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 2-7
Soil texture 2-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The fruit is eaten raw. It is also used in ice cream. The juice is used for drinks. CAUTION: The seeds, leaves and roots are poisonous. Both an alkaloid, and hydrocyanic acid have been shown to occur in these parts of the plant.
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Cultivated for its fruit.
Uses animal food drinks environmental use fiber flavouring fodder food fuel gene source insecticide material medicinal non-vertebrate poison poison social use vermicid wood
Edible fruits
Therapeutic use Antineoplastic agents (aerial part), Anti-bacterial agents (bark), Antifungal agents (bark), Insecticides (bark), Nasopharyngeal neoplasms (bark), Antiviral agents (bark), Astringents (bark), Colonic neoplasms (bark), Diarrhea (bark), Dysentery (bark), Leukemia, lymphoid (bark), General tonic for rejuvenation (bark), Abscess (fruit), Anemia (fruit), Anthelmintics (fruit), Antineoplastic agents (fruit), Antipyretics (fruit), Astringents (fruit), Bites and stings (fruit), Cough (fruit), Dandruff (fruit), Diarrhea (fruit), Dysentery (fruit), Dyspepsia (fruit), Expectorants (fruit), Fishes, poisonous (fruit), Furunculosis (fruit), Hypnotics and sedatives (fruit), Insecticides (fruit), Lice infestations (fruit), Muscle strength (fruit), Mycoses (fruit), Neoplasms (fruit), Pain (fruit), Pectoralis muscles (fruit), General tonic for rejuvenation (fruit), Scabies (fruit), Scurvy (fruit), Sprains and strains (fruit), Toothache (fruit), Ulcer (fruit), Vertigo (fruit), Vomiting (fruit), Wounds and injuries (fruit), Cooling effect on body (fruit), Anthelmintics (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Anti-infective agents, local (leaf), Antineoplastic agents (leaf), Antirheumatic agents (leaf), Common cold (leaf), Diarrhea (leaf), Dizziness (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Edema (leaf), Epilepsy (leaf), Fever (leaf), Fishes, poisonous (leaf), Furunculosis (leaf), Hypohidrosis (leaf), Hysteria (leaf), Insect repellents (leaf), Insecticides (leaf), Lice infestations (leaf), Menstruation disturbances (leaf), Oxytocics (leaf), Pain (leaf), Parasympatholytics (leaf), Rectal prolapse (leaf), General tonic for rejuvenation (leaf), Spasm (leaf), Suppuration (leaf), Syncope (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Wounds and injuries (leaf), Abdominal pain (root), Cathartics (root), Depression (root), Dysentery (root), Laxatives (root), Spinal diseases (root), Abortifacient agents (seed), Anthelmintics (seed), Anti-arrhythmia agents (seed), Anti-bacterial agents (seed), Anticonvulsants (seed), Antineoplastic agents (seed), Apnea (seed), Blindness (seed), Breast neoplasms (seed), Cardiotonic agents (seed), Cholinergic antagonists (seed), Colonic neoplasms (seed), Conjunctivitis (seed), Contraceptive agents (seed), Diuretics (seed), Emetics (seed), Fishes, poisonous (seed), Hair preparations (seed), Hypotension (seed), Insecticides (seed), Leukemia, lymphoid (seed), Lice infestations (seed), Lung neoplasms (seed), Malaria (seed), Nasopharyngeal neoplasms (seed), Uterine diseases (seed), Irritant (seed), Abortifacient (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Boil (unspecified), Bruise (unspecified), Cataplasm (unspecified), Cold (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Insecticide (unspecified), Itch (unspecified), Pectoral (unspecified), Pediculicide (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Suppurative (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Fainting (unspecified), Repellant(Insect) (unspecified), Soporific (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Jaundice (unspecified), Narcotic (unspecified), Phthisis (unspecified), Piscicide (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Tuberculosis (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified), Carbuncle (unspecified), Chancre (unspecified), Common cold (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Hysteria (unspecified), Syphilis (unspecified), Antineoplastic agents (whole plant excluding root), Insecticides (whole plant excluding root), Nasopharyngeal neoplasms (wood)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

They are normally grown from seeds and the seeds retain their viability for several years. It is better to grow sweetsops from fresh seeds and it is best to soak seeds for 3 days before sowing. Seeds germinate and start to grow 50 to 70 days after planting. The fruit is borne on old and new wood. As the fruit is more commonly on new wood, pruning is an advantage. Trees can be budded or grafted. A small branch of a selected variety is grafted onto another seedling sweetsop. Plants are very hard to get to grow from cuttings. A spacing of 6 m apart is suitable for sweetsop trees. The fruit is eaten raw. The sweet soft fleshy layer around the seeds can be eaten raw. When the fruit is ripe it is easy to separate the different soft fleshy parts of the fruit. Often it is easiest and best to harvest the fruit when they are nearly ripe and then let them ripen in a warm place.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -7
Optimum temperature (C°) 23 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Annona squamosa habit picture by Julio Moguel Yanes (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Annona squamosa leaf picture by Krishna Varun (cc-by-sa)
Annona squamosa leaf picture by Almeida Byaggio (cc-by-sa)
Annona squamosa leaf picture by Lisa Ani (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Annona squamosa flower picture by Faustino Vando (cc-by-sa)
Annona squamosa flower picture by Lisa Ani (cc-by-sa)
Annona squamosa flower picture by jian shi (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Annona squamosa fruit picture by Marceline LAMY-CONTARET (cc-by-sa)
Annona squamosa fruit picture by Nicolas Gomez (cc-by-sa)
Annona squamosa fruit picture by Diana (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Annona squamosa world distribution map, present in Australia, Brazil, China, India, Kenya, Pakistan, and United States of America

Conservation status

Annona squamosa threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72319-1
WFO ID wfo-0000537947
COL ID 674D7
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 446901
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Annona cinerea Guanabanus squamosus Annona forskahlii Xylopia glabra Annona asiatica Annona asiatica Annona distincta Annona forsskalii Annona glabra Annona squamosa f. parvifolia Annona squamosa Xylopicron glabrum Annona squamosa

Lower taxons

Annona squamosa 'LeahReese'