Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.

Leaf mustard (en), Chou faux Jonc (fr), Chou en forme de jonc (fr), Moutarde de Sarepta (fr), Chou élancé (fr), Moutarde élancée (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Brassicales > Brassicaceae > Brassica

Characteristics

Herbs annual, (20-)30-100(-180) cm tall, pubescent or rarely glabrous, glaucous or not, sometimes with fleshy taproots. Stems erect, branched above. Basal and lowermost cauline leaves long petiolate; petiole (1-)2-8(-15) cm; leaf blade ovate, oblong, or lanceolate in outline, (4-)6-30(-80) × 1.5-15(-28) cm, lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnatisect; terminal lobe ovate, repand, dentate, or incised; lateral lobes 1-3 on each side of midvein, much smaller than terminal lobe, crisped incised, dentate, repand, or entire. Upper cauline leaves petiolate or subsessile, oblanceolate, oblong, lanceolate, or linear, to 10 × 5 cm, base cuneate to attenuate, margin entire or repand, rarely dentate. Fruiting pedicels straight, divaricate, (0.5-)0.8-1.5(-2) cm. Sepals oblong, (3.5-)4-6(-7) × 1-1.7 mm, spreading. Petals yellow, (6.5-)8-11(-13) × 5-7.5 mm, ovate or obovate, apex rounded or emarginate; claw 3-6 mm. Filaments 4-7 mm; anthers oblong, 1.5-2 mm. Fruit linear, (2-)3-5(-6) cm × 3-4(-5) mm, terete or slightly 4-angled, sessile, divaricate or ascending; valvular segment (1.5-)2-4.5 cm, 6-15(-20)-seeded per locule; valves with a prominent midvein, slightly torulose; terminal segment conical, (4-)5-10(-15) mm, seedless; style often obsolete. Seeds dark to light brown or gray, globose, 1-1.7 mm in diam., minutely reticulate. Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Apr-Jul. 2n = 36*.
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Annuals; (± glaucous), ± glabrous. Stems branched distally, 2-10 dm. Basal leaves (early deciduous); petiole (1-)2-8(-15) cm; blade pinnatifid to pinnately lobed, (4-)6-30(-80) cm × 15-150(-280) mm, lobes 1-3 each side. Cauline leaves usually shortly petiolate, rarely sessile; blade (oblong or lanceolate, reduced in size distally), base tapered or cuneate, not auriculate or amplexicaul, (margins dentate to lobed). Racemes not paniculately branched. Fruiting pedicels spreading to divaricately ascending, (slender), (5-)10-15(-20) mm. Flowers: sepals (3.5-)4-6(-7) × 1-1.7 mm; petals pale yellow, ovate to obovate, (7-)9-13 × 5-7.5 mm, claw 3-6 mm, apex rounded or emarginate; filaments 4-7 mm; anthers 1.5-2 mm. Fruits (sessile); spreading to divaricately ascending to nearly erect (not appressed to rachis), torulose, subcylindrical or somewhat flattened, (2-)3-5(-6) cm × 2-5 mm; valvular segment with 6-15(-20) seeds per locule, (1.5-)2-4.5 cm, terminal segment seedless (conic), (4-)5-10(-15) mm, (tapering to slender style). Seeds brown or yellow, 1.2-2 mm diam.; seed coat finely reticulate-alveolate, not mucilaginous when wetted. 2n = 36.
Annual herb, glabrous or somewhat hispid at bases of stem and petioles, somewhat glaucous. Stem erect, usually 30-150 cm high, with long ascending branches in upper part. Basal and lower leaves petioled, not auriculate, with obovate attenuate blade up to 20 by 10 cm, rather coarsely and irregularly dentate, and 1-3 pairs of small lateral lobes; median and upper leaves ± distinctly petioled, not auriculate, obovate and obtuse or oblanceolate and acute, usually 5-10 cm long, irregularly dentate. Racemes corymbiform, rather loose, with numerous flowers; in fruit lax, up to 50 cm long; pedicels ascending, 5-12 mm long. Sepals green, oblong, 4-6 mm long. Petals bright yellow, clawed, with obovate blade, 6-10 mm long. Anthers 1.5-2.5 mm long. Ovary with 10-20 ovules. Siliquae linear, often somewhat torulose, sometimes inflated, 25-75 by 2-3.5 mm, attenuate into a narrowly conical seedless beak, 6-12 mm long; valves with distinct ± keeled midnerve. Seeds dark brown, globose, 1-1.5 mm in diameter, with a distinct fine reticulum.
Annual herbs up to 1 m high with slender ascending branches. Stem hispid near the base, glabrous above. Lower leaves lyratepinnatisect with 1 or 2 pairs of small, broad, lateral lobes and a large, ovate or obovate, terminal lobe; lobes irregularly dentate or lacerate-dentate, sparsely hispid on the lower surface of the veins. Upper leaves glabrous, smaller, simple, entire or dentate, shortly petiolate. Racemes terminal, dense in flower, lax in fruit. Flowers yellow, the petals 7-9 mm long, ±3 mm broad, obovate, shortly clawed. Fruiting pedicels slender, 0.8-1.2 cm, erect to spreading. Siliquae 2.5-5 cm long, 2-3 mm in diameter, linear, tapering; valves convex, irregularly bulged by the ripe seeds, 1-or sub-3-nerved, the lateral nerves ± anastomosing; beak (4-)5-10 mm long, subulateconical. Seeds 16-24, in one row, globose, 1.2-1.5 mm in diameter, brown, the seedcoat reticulately pitted.
Annual herb with lax rosette. Stems erect, glabrous, to 1-(2) m tall. Lvs glaucous, glabrous or sparsely hairy, all petiolate. Lower lvs lyrate-pinnatifid to lyrate-pinnate, with large terminal and 1-2 pairs of lateral lobes, 8-15-(20) × 5-8 cm; margins dentate. Upper lvs simple, becoming linear, toothed to entire, 20-50 × 3-10 mm. Racemes to 45 cm long; open fls about level with buds, or lower. Sepals erecto-patent, narrow-oblong, 4-6 × c. 1 mm. Petals yellow, 6-8 × 2-3 mm. Lateral stamens spreading. Silique terete, glabrous, linear, constricted between seeds, 15-25-(40) × 1.5-2.5 mm; gynophore 0; valves with prominent median and weaker lateral veins; beak tapering, seedless, 5-10 mm long. Seeds yellow to brown, 1-2 mm diam.
Annual herb, up to 1 m high, branches slender, ascending. Stems hispid near base, glabrous above. Leaves: lower leaves lyrate-pinnatisect, lateral lobes in 1 or 2 pairs, small, broad, terminal lobes large, ovate or obovate; upper leaves smaller, simple, shortly petiolate, glabrous, margins entire or dentate. Inflorescence a raceme, dense in flower, lax in fruit. Flowers yellow. Petals obovate, shortly clawed. Fruit a linear siliqua, tapering, valves convex, irregularly bulged by ripe seeds. Seeds 16-24 in one row, globose, brown, seed coat reticulately pitted.
Annual herb, up to 1 m high. Stems erect. Leaves petiolate; lower ones lyrate-pinnatisect with 1 or 2 pairs of small, broad, lateral lobes, terminal large, ovate or obovate, margins dentate, sparsely hispid; upper leaves not clasping stem, petiolate, simple, margins entire or dentate, glabrous. Flowers: in dense racemes; petals 7-9 mm long, yellow; Dec.-Feb. Fruit with pedicels erect to spreading; stipe < 1 mm long or 0, siliquae 25-50 x 2-3 mm, lateral veins ± anastomosing, beak 5-10 mm long, subulate-conical.
It is an erect leafy annual cabbage plant. It grows to about 1 m high. The plant can vary a lot. The leaves are elliptical and deeply divided. They are dark green. The end segment of the leaves is oval. The leaves taper towards the stem and have a strong mustard flavour. The flowers are pale yellow. They have 4 petals. It produces a flower and seed pods at the top. The seed pod is long and narrow. It is 3-5 cm long. The seeds are reddish-brown.
Glabrous, often glaucous annual 3–10 dm; lower lvs to 2 dm, pinnatifid and dentate, the upper progressively reduced, short-petioled or sessile; fls 12–15 mm wide; mature pedicels ascending, 10–15 mm; frs ascending, subterete, 1.5–4 cm; seeds 2 mm, conspicuously and evenly reticulate; 2n=36. Native of Asia, established as a weed throughout our range and w. to the Pacific. June–Oct.
Annual herb, up to 1 m high with slender, ascending branches. Lower leaves lyrate-pinnatisect, sparsely hispid; upper leaves glabrous, simple, shortly petiolate. Beak up to 10 mm long, its tip narrower than stigma. Flowers yellow.
Very similar to B. integrifolia but basal and lower leaves more coarsely and irregularly dentate with 1–3 pairs of small lateral lobes.. Siliquae often longer (up to 75 mm.) with a narrowly conical beak 6–12 mm. long.. Fig. 1.
Silique 2.5–5 cm. long (usually about 3 cm. in our material), narrowly cylindric, valves with reticulate nervation, with a tapering, seedless beak 5–10 mm. long, at its tip narrower than the stigma.
Flowers pale yellow with pedicels up to 8 mm. long in terminal racemes.
Leaves stalked, lyrate-pinnatifid to nearly entire, somewhat glaucous.
Seeds 1–1.3 mm. in diam., subspherical, yellowish-or reddish-brown.
Annual herb 60–70 cm. tall with purplish nearly glabrous stems.
Sepals somewhat spreading.
Petals 4, 5–9 mm. long.
Stamens 6.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) 0.3
Mature height (meter) 0.68 - 0.75
Root system tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) 0.35
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A warm temperate plant. It is grown in some highland areas in the tropics. It is often grown as a cool season crop. Most varieties are not frost tolerant. It needs a fertile, well drained soil. A pH of 5.5-6.8 is suitable. It can tolerate poor soils. In the Himalayas in summer it grows to 3,600 m altitude. It can grow in arid places. It suits hardiness zones 9-11. Tasmania Herbarium. In Yunnan.
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Weed of waste land, open places, cultivations (sometimes in gardens); mostly at 2000-3000 m.
Not known in the wild.
Not known in the wild.
Cornfields in Britain.
Not known in the wild.
Not known in the wild.
Cornfields in Britain.
Light 5-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 7-9

Usage

The leaves are cooked and eaten. They have a bitter taste, so the cooking water needs changing. They can be stir-fried, or added to soups and stews. They can be eaten crystallised in vinegar or salt. They can be used in salads. The seeds can be fried then used as a spice. They also yield an edible oil. They can be sprouted. The leaves are also pickled.
Uses animal food bee plant environmental use fodder food food additive fuel gene source green manure material medicinal non-vertebrate poison oil poison seasoning social use spice vertebrate poison
Edible flowers leaves roots seeds stems
Therapeutic use Anthelmintics (leaf), Arrhythmias, cardiac (leaf), Asthma (leaf), Cough (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Gastrointestinal diseases (leaf), Hemorrhoids (leaf), Insecticides (leaf), Urinary bladder diseases (leaf), Diaphoretic (leaf), Abdominal pain (seed), Analgesics (seed), Anorexia (seed), Anthelmintics (seed), Anti-bacterial agents (seed), Antifungal agents (seed), Anti-inflammatory agents (seed), Antirheumatic agents (seed), Cough (seed), Dengue virus (seed), Dyspepsia (seed), Flatulence (seed), Hypohidrosis (seed), Inflammation (seed), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (seed), Laxatives (seed), Low back pain (seed), Neuralgia (seed), Skin diseases (seed), Spasm (seed), Splenomegaly (seed), Ulcer (seed), Vomiting (seed), Gastrointestinal Aid (unspecified), Ache(Foot) (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Lumbago (unspecified), Medicine (unspecified), Rubefacient (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Syphilis (unspecified), Apertif (unspecified), Arthritis (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Evil eye (unspecified), Fumitory (unspecified), Lactogogue (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Gastralgia (unspecified), Neuralgia (unspecified), Vesicant (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Spice (unspecified), Analgesics (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Anti-infective agents (unspecified), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (unspecified), Thirst (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

The seed is broadcast. They can be put in a nursery and transplanted. A spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm is suitable. Seed germinate in 5 days at 20-25°C.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -18
Optimum temperature (C°) 15 - 28
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Brassica juncea habit picture by Kevin Findlater (cc-by-sa)
Brassica juncea habit picture by Jo Dep (cc-by-sa)
Brassica juncea habit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Brassica juncea leaf picture by Bob West (cc-by-sa)
Brassica juncea leaf picture by pl hn (cc-by-sa)
Brassica juncea leaf picture by pl hn (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Brassica juncea flower picture by J VL (cc-by-sa)
Brassica juncea flower picture by Bob West (cc-by-sa)
Brassica juncea flower picture by Botasy (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Brassica juncea fruit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Brassica juncea fruit picture by Eramie Peyrot (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Brassica juncea world distribution map, present in American Samoa, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, China, France, Iceland, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, United States of America, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60442520-2
WFO ID wfo-0000571186
COL ID N7ZK
BDTFX ID 10284
INPN ID 86383
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Rhamphospermum volgense Sinapis sinensis Brassica besseriana Brassica chenopodiifolia Brassica juncea Brassica lanceolata Brassica napiformis Brassica taquetii Brassica willdenovii Sinabraca juncea Sinapis juncea Sinapis japonica Brassica argyi Brassica cernua Brassica integrifolia Brassica japonica Brassica richerii Brassica rugosa Crucifera juncea Sinapis cuneifolia Sinapis ramosa Brassica cernua Sinapis rugosa Sinapis lanceolata Sinapis chinensis Raphanus junceus Brassica lanceolata Brassica urbaniana Sinapis integrifolia Sinapis brassica Sinapis cernua Brassica rugosa Sinapis patens Sinapis ramosa Brassica arvensis var. juncea Brassica cernua var. chirimenna Brassica juncea var. aspera Brassica juncea var. chinensis Brassica juncea var. elata Brassica juncea subsp. integrifolia Brassica juncea var. laevis Brassica juncea var. napiformis Brassica juncea subsp. napiformis Brassica juncea var. oleifera Brassica juncea var. tsatsai Brassica juncea subsp. tsatsai Brassica juncea var. tumida Brassica integrifolia var. timoriana Sinapis juncea var. napiformis Brassica juncea var. crispifolia Brassica juncea var. foliosa Brassica juncea var. gracilis Brassica juncea var. japonica Brassica juncea var. longidens Brassica juncea var. megarrhiza Brassica juncea var. multiceps Brassica juncea var. multisecta Brassica napiformis var. multisecta Brassica juncea subsp. juncea Brassica juncea subsp. rugosa Sinapis tenella Brassica chinensis f. japonica Brassica juncea var. rugosa Brassica juncea var. juncea Brassica juncea var. linearifolia Brassica juncea var. crassicaulis Brassica juncea var. involutus Brassica juncea var. longipetiolatus Brassica juncea var. strumata Brassica juncea var. integrifolia Sinapis chinensis var. integrifolia Brassica juncea var. longipes Brassica juncea var. subintegrifolia Sinapis oleracea Sinapis timoriana Brassica juncea var. gemmifera