Brassica napus L.

Rape (en), Navette (fr), Colza (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Brassicales > Brassicaceae > Brassica

Characteristics

Herbs annual or biennial, 30-150 cm tall, glabrous or basally sparsely hirsute, often glaucous, with or without fleshy taproots. Stems erect, branched above. Basal and lowermost cauline leaves long petiolate; petiole to 15 cm; leaf blade ovate, oblong, or lanceolate in outline, 5-25(-40) × 2-7(-10) cm, pinnately lobed or lyrate, sometimes undivided; terminal lobes ovate, dentate, repand, or entire; lateral lobes 1-6 on each side of midvein, much smaller than terminal one, entire, repand, or dentate, sometimes absent. Upper cauline leaves sessile, lanceolate, ovate, or oblong, to 8 × 3.5 cm, base amplexicaul, auriculate, margin entire or repand. Fruiting pedicels straight, divaricate, (1-)1.2-2.3(-3) cm. Sepals oblong, (5-)6-10 × 1.5-2.5 mm, ascending or rarely suberect. Petals bright or pale yellow, (0.9-)1-1.6(-1.8) cm × (5-)6-9(-10) mm, broadly obovate, apex rounded; claw 5-9 mm. Filaments (5-)7-10 mm; anthers oblong, 1.5-2.5 mm. Fruit linear, (3.5-)5-9.5(-11) cm × (2.5-)3.5-5 mm, terete or slightly 4-angled, sessile, divaricate or ascending; valvular segment (3-)4-8.5(-9.5) cm, 12-20(-30)-seeded per locule; valves with a prominent midvein, slightly torulose or smooth; terminal segment conical, (0.5-)0.9-1.6 cm, seedless or 1-seeded; style often obsolete. Seeds dark brown or blackish, globose, (1.2-)1.5-2.5(-3) mm in diam., minutely reticulate. Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Apr-Jul. 2n = 38*.
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Annuals or biennials; (taproot slender or swollen); (glaucous), glabrous, glabrescent, or pubes-cent, (trichomes coarse). Stems branched distally, 3-13 dm. Basal leaves (rosulate when biennial); petiole (often winged), to 15 cm; blade lyrate-pinnatifid, ± pinnately lobed, 5-25(-40) cm × 20-70(-100) mm, lobes 0-6 each side, (smaller than terminal), surfaces (glaucous), glabrous or sparsely hairy when immature, glabrescent, or, rarely, pubescent. Cauline leaves (middle and distal) sessile; blade base auriculate or amplexicaul, (margins entire). Racemes not paniculately branched, (buds overtopping or equal to open flowers). Fruiting pedicels spreading to ascending (slender), 1-3 cm. Flowers: sepals (5-)6-10 × 1.5-2.5 mm; petals golden or creamy to pale yellow, broadly obovate, 10-16 × (5-)6-9(-10) mm, claw 5-9 mm, apex rounded; filaments (5-)7-10 mm; anthers 1.5-2.5 mm. Fruits spreading to ascending, smooth or slightly torulose, terete, (3.5-)5-10(-11) cm × (2.5-)3.5-5 mm; valvular segment with 12-20(-30) seeds per locule, (3-)4-8.5(-9.5) cm, terminal segment usually seedless, rarely 1 or 2-seeded (attenuate-conic, thin), (5-)9-16 mm. Seeds dark brown to black, light brown, or reddish, 1.8-2.7(-3) mm diam.; seed coat finely reticulate-alveolate, not mucilaginous when wetted. 2n = 38.
Annual or biennial herb with lax rosette. Stems erect or ascending, becoming subwoody below, glabrous, to 1.5 m tall. Lower lvs petiolate, lyrate-pinnatifid with 1-3 pairs of lateral lobes, glaucous, bristly, especially on veins, often ciliate, 10-30 × 5-15 cm. Upper lvs glaucous, becoming entire, sessile, amplexicaul, glabrous, narrow-triangular, entire or toothed, 2-10 × 1-2 cm. Racemes to 40 cm long; open fls slightly below level of buds. Sepals erecto-patent, (4)-5-7 × 1-2 mm. Petals bright to pale yellow, 10-12 × (4)-5-6 mm. Lateral stamens spreading. Silique terete, glabrous, narrowly oblong, slightly constricted between seeds, (50)-60-80 × 2-5 mm; gynophore 0; valves with pronounced median and weak lateral veins; beak tapering, seedless, 8-15 mm long. Seeds dark brown to blue-black, 1.5-2.5 mm diam.
A cabbage family herb. It is an annual plant. It grows 1.5 m tall. It usually has a strong taproot. The stem is erect. The leaves have blue-green colour. The lower leaves have leaf stalks. The leaf blade is 5-20 cm long. The veins have some bristles. The upper leaves clasp the stem. Its blade is oblong or sword shaped. The petals are pale yellow. The pod is 5-10 cm long and slightly 4 angled. There is a beak 5-20 mm long which does not have seeds. The seeds are 1.5-2.5 mm wide. They are blue-black.
Very similar to B. rapa but basal leaves glaucous, glabrous or very sparsely hispidulous especially along the nerves, open flowers not overtopping buds, sepals ascending, petals 10–18 mm. long.
Life form biennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) 0.1 - 0.5
Mature height (meter) 1.2
Root system tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a warm temperate to subtropical plant. In Argentina it grows up to 1,500 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 8-11. Tasmania Herbarium.
More
Banks of streams, ditches and arable fields in Britain.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 7-9

Usage

The seeds yield an edible oil. The leaves are cooked and eaten. The flower can be used like broccoli. The seeds can be sprouted and eaten in salads.
Uses animal food environmental use fiber fodder food fuel gene source green manure material medicinal oil poison potherb
Edible flowers leaves roots seeds stems
Therapeutic use Cold Remedy (bark), Cough Medicine (bark), Misc. Disease Remedy (bark), Dermatological Aid (leaf), Common cold (root), Cough (root), Diuretics (root), Emollients (root), Analgesics (seed), Anti-bacterial agents (seed), Anticoagulants (seed), Antifungal agents (seed), Appetite stimulants (seed), Inflammation (seed), Laxatives (seed), Myocardial infarction (seed), Osteoarthritis (seed), General tonic for rejuvenation (seed), Dietary Aid (unspecified), Febrifuge (unspecified), Kidney Aid (unspecified), Misc. Disease Remedy (unspecified), Orthopedic Aid (unspecified), Pulmonary Aid (unspecified), Respiratory Aid (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Chest-Cold (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Gout (unspecified), Pectoral (unspecified), Soporific (unspecified), Catarrh (unspecified), Anti-inflammatory agents (unspecified), Arthritis (unspecified), Scurvy (unspecified)
Human toxicity skin-irritating (leaf), skin-irritating (fruit)
Animal toxicity very strong toxic (leaf), very strong toxic (fruit)

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) 7 - 14
Germination temperacture (C°) 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 15 - 25
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Brassica napus habit picture by Angelika Suedfrau (cc-by-sa)
Brassica napus habit picture by Decker Dan (cc-by-sa)
Brassica napus habit picture by Thierry LE COM (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Brassica napus leaf picture by Angelika Suedfrau (cc-by-sa)
Brassica napus leaf picture by Samuel Wein (cc-by-sa)
Brassica napus leaf picture by Tobias Arendt (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Brassica napus flower picture by Sharleen (cc-by-sa)
Brassica napus flower picture by Tobias Arendt (cc-by-sa)
Brassica napus flower picture by Tobias Arendt (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Brassica napus fruit picture by valerie h (cc-by-sa)
Brassica napus fruit picture by nadal Albert (cc-by-sa)
Brassica napus fruit picture by Decker Dan (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Brassica napus world distribution map, present in Brazil, Canada, China, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, and United States of America

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:279419-1
WFO ID wfo-0000571271
COL ID N82B
BDTFX ID 10308
INPN ID 86399
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Brassica campestris f. trilocularis Brassica oleracea f. praecox Brassica gongylodes Brassica x harmsiana Brassica napobrassica Brassica napus Brassica praecox Sinapis glauca Brassica quadrivalvis Brassica rutabaga Crucifera napus Napus oleifera Rapa napus Raphanus napus Sinapis napus Brassica rutabaga Brassica oleifera Brassica praecox Brassica campestris f. glauca Brassica campestris f. luteoalba Brassica campestris f. quadrivalvis Brassica stricta Braya campestris f. rutabaga Brassica oleracea var. arvensis Brassica campestris var. bullatopetsai Brassica campestris subsp. annua Brassica campestris subsp. biennis Brassica campestris var. dentatopetsai Brassica campestris var. dichotoma Brassica campestris var. glauca Brassica campestris var. napobrassica Brassica campestris subsp. napus Brassica campestris var. napus Brassica campestris var. nippo-oleifera Brassica campestris var. oleifera Brassica campestris var. pabularia Brassica campestris var. quadrivalvis Brassica campestris var. toria Brassica campestris var. trilocularis Brassica napus var. aestiva Brassica napus var. annua Brassica napus var. arabica Brassica napus var. biennis Brassica napus var. brevirostris Brassica napus var. edulis Brassica napus var. esculenta Brassica napus var. glauca Brassica napus var. hiemalis Brassica napus var. italica Brassica napus var. leptorhiza Brassica napus var. napobrassica Brassica napus subsp. napobrassica Brassica napus subsp. oleifera Brassica napus var. oleifera Brassica napus var. pabularia Brassica napus var. quadrivalvis Brassica napus subsp. rapifera Brassica napus var. rossica Brassica napus var. rutila Brassica napus var. sarcorhiza Brassica napus var. schebalinae Brassica napus var. syntomocarpa Brassica napus var. trilocularis Brassica oleracea var. hongnoensis Brassica oleracea var. napobrassica Brassica rapa subsp. napus Brassica sativa subsp. napus Brassica napus var. trimestris Brassica napus var. ulti Brassica napus var. sahariensis Brassica campestris subsp. napobrassica Brassica campestris subsp. rapifera Brassica rapa subsp. rapifera Brassica napus subsp. pabularia Brassica campestris f. simplex Brassica campestris f. spontanea Brassica napus f. alba Brassica napus f. dissecta Brassica napus f. dolichocarpa Brassica napus f. flava Brassica napus f. micrantha Brassica napus f. nigricans Brassica napus f. rubescens Brassica carinatua var. saharensis Brassica napus var. napus Brassica napus var. oleifera Brassica napus var. arvensis Brassica oleracea var. pseudocolza Brassica campestris var. napobrassica Brassica napus subsp. napobrassica Brassica napus var. rapifera Brassica napus subsp. napus