Brassica nigra W.D.J.Koch

Black mustard (en), Moutarde noire (fr), Chou noir (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Brassicales > Brassicaceae > Brassica

Characteristics

Herbs annual, 0.3-2(-3.1) m tall, sparsely hirsute at least basally. Stems erect, branched above. Basal and lowermost cauline leaves with petioles to 10 cm; leaf blade ovate, oblong, or lanceolate in outline, 6-30 × 1-10 cm, lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnatisect; terminal lobe ovate, dentate; lateral lobes 1-3 on each side of midvein, much smaller than terminal lobe, dentate. Upper cauline leaves petiolate, lanceolate or linear-oblong, to 5 × 1.5 cm, base cuneate, margin entire or rarely dentate. Fruiting pedicels straight, slender, erect or ascending, subappressed to rachis, (2-)3-5(-6) mm. Sepals oblong, 4-6(-7) cm × 1-1.5 mm, spreading or ascending. Petals yellow, (5-)7.5-11(-13) × (2.5-)3-4.5(-5.5) mm, ovate, apex rounded; claw 3-6 mm. Filaments 3.5-5 mm; anthers oblong, 1-1.5 mm. Fruit linear or narrowly oblong-elliptic, (0.5-)1-2.5(-2.7) cm × (1.5-)2-3(-4) mm, 4-angled, sessile, subappressed to rachis; valvular segment (0.4-)0.8-2(-2.5) cm, 2-5(-8)-seeded per locule; valves with a prominent midvein, slightly torulose; terminal segment stylelike, sometimes narrowly conical, (1-)2-5(-6) mm, seedless. Seeds dark brown, gray, or blackish, globose, 1.2-2 mm in diam., minutely reticulate. Fl. and fr. Apr-Jul. 2n = 16*.
More
Annuals; sparsely to densely hirsute-hispid (at least basally, proximally rarely subglabrate). Stems usually branched distally, (widely spreading), 3-20 dm. Basal leaves: petiole to 10 cm; blade lyrate-pinnatifid to sinuate-lobed, 6-30 cm × 10-100 mm, lobes 1-3 each side, (smaller than terminal, terminal lobe ovate, obtuse). Cauline leaves sessile or subsessile; blade (ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, similar to basal, reduced distally and less divided), base tapered, not auriculate or amplexicaul, (margins entire to sinuate-serrate). Racemes not paniculately branched. Fruiting pedicels erect (straight), (2-)3-5(-6) mm. Flowers: sepals 4-6(-7) × 1-1.5 mm; petals yellow, ovate, 7-11(-13) × (2.5-)3-4.5(-5.5) mm, claw 3-6 mm, apex rounded; filaments 3.5-5 mm; anthers 1-1.5 mm. Fruits erect-ascending (± appressed to rachis), smooth, ± 4-angled, 1-2.5(-2.7) cm × (1.5-) 2-3(-4) mm; valvular segment 2-5(-8)-seeded per locule, (0.4-)0.8-2(-2.5) cm, terminal segment seedless (linear, narrow), (1-)2-5(-6) mm. Seeds brown to black, 1.2-1.5(-2) mm diam.; seed coat coarsely reticulate, minutely alveolate, not mucilaginous when wetted. 2n = 16.
Annual herb with lax rosette. Stems erect, glabrous above, bristly below, ribbed, 0.6-1-(2) m tall. Lvs green, petiolate, sparsely bristly. Lower lvs lyrate-pinnatifid, to 16 cm long; margins dentate; terminal lobe large, 3-lobed to ovate; lateral lobes subacute, in 1-2 pairs. Upper stem lvs not lobed, becoming entire, lanceolate, 3-5 × 0.5-1 cm. Racemes to 40 cm long; buds overtopping or level with open fls. Sepals narrow-oblong, 3-4 × c. 1 mm. Petals bright yellow, 7-8 × 2-3 mm. All stamens erect. Silique quadrangular, glabrous, oblong, appressed to rachis, somewhat constricted between seeds, (6)-12-25 × 2 mm; gynophore 0; valves strongly keeled, with prominent median and weak lateral veins; beak slender, seedless, (1.5)-2-4 mm long. Seeds red-brown, c. 1 mm diam.
Annual herb; taproot slender; stem erect, to 1 m tall, branched, thin, usually with anthocyanin spot in axil, hispid below, glaucous and glabrous above. Leaves petiolate; lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, to 16 cm long, the terminal lobe large, lateral lobes of 1–3 pairs, hispid both sides; upper leaves lanceolate, entire, glabrous, glaucescent. Inflorescence sub-corymbose. Sepals 4–5 mm long, half-spreading. Petals 7–9 mm long, bright yellow. Ovary sessile. Siliqua 1–2 cm long, 1.5–2 mm wide, quadrangular, erect-appressed; valves with prominent midrib; beak seedless, 1.5–3 mm long. Seeds 1.5 mm wide, 2–5 per locule, dark red-brown.
A cabbage family herb. It is an annual plant. It grows about 1-3 m high. The leaves are stalked and clasp the stem. The upper leaves are sword shaped. Leaves are 10-20 cm long. Flowers are yellow. The fruit is a pod. It is erect, smooth and 2 cm long. It can have 3-5 seeds. The seeds are reddish-brown to almost black. They are 1.5 mm across.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread barochory
Mature width (meter) 1.3
Mature height (meter) 1.2
Root system tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate and Mediterranean climate plant. In China it grows on slopes, steppe, field margins between 900–2800 m altitude. In Nepal it grows to 2000 m altitude. In Ethiopia it grows between 1,500-2,600 m above sea level. Tasmania Herbarium.
More
Cliffs near the sea in S. W. England.
Cliffs near the sea in S. W. England.
Light 5-8
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 1-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-9

Usage

The young basal leaves and shoots are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. The seed oil is used for cooking. The ripe seeds can be used as flavouring. They are used in pickles and sausages. The seeds are sprouted and eaten. They are also powdered and eaten with honey. The flowers are used like broccoli.
Uses bee plant environmental use food gene source green manure medicinal oil poison seasoning spice
Edible flowers leaves seeds stems
Therapeutic use Analgesic (leaf), Toothache (leaf), Anthelmintics (leaf), Biliary tract diseases (leaf), Pharyngitis (leaf), Increase physical endurance, strength and stamina (leaf), Cold Remedy (seed), Anthelmintics (seed), Antiemetics (seed), Antiparasitic agents (seed), Antirheumatic agents (seed), Appetite stimulants (seed), Biliary tract diseases (seed), Common cold (seed), Contraceptives, oral (seed), Cough (seed), Digestive system diseases (seed), Diuretics (seed), Dyspepsia (seed), Emetics (seed), Eye diseases (seed), Fever (seed), Insecticides (seed), Counterirritant (seed), Laxatives (seed), Musculoskeletal pain (seed), Neuralgia (seed), Nasal disease (seed), Pharyngitis (seed), Pleurisy (seed), Pneumonia (seed), Pruritus (seed), General tonic for rejuvenation (seed), Scorpion stings (seed), Skin diseases (seed), Snake bites (seed), Sneezing (seed), Splenomegaly (seed), Sprains and strains (seed), Urinary bladder calculi (seed), Wounds and injuries (seed), Bowel dysfunction (seed), Irritant (seed), Dietary Aid (unspecified), Febrifuge (unspecified), Kidney Aid (unspecified), Misc. Disease Remedy (unspecified), Orthopedic Aid (unspecified), Pulmonary Aid (unspecified), Respiratory Aid (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Unspecified (unspecified), Analgesic (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Ache(Foot) (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Apertif (unspecified), Arthritis (unspecified), Carminative (unspecified), Counterirritant (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Herpes (unspecified), Lymphoma(Neck) (unspecified), Mustard-Plaster (unspecified), Pneumonia (unspecified), Poultice (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Rubefacient (unspecified), Sciatica (unspecified), Sclerosis(Spleen) (unspecified), Scurvy (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Tumor(Viscera) (unspecified), Vesicant (unspecified), Neuralgia (unspecified), Dandruff (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Lumbago (unspecified), Pleurisy (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified), Blister (unspecified), Pharyngitis (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Antiviral agents (whole plant)
Human toxicity toxic (leaf), toxic (fruit)
Animal toxicity strong toxic (leaf), strong toxic (fruit)

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) 7 - 14
Germination temperacture (C°) 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 10 - 25
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Brassica nigra habit picture by Bjent (cc-by-sa)
Brassica nigra habit picture by Bruno Schroder (cc-by-sa)
Brassica nigra habit picture by Bruno Schroder (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Brassica nigra leaf picture by Monty Ritchings (cc-by-sa)
Brassica nigra leaf picture by Yvonne (cc-by-sa)
Brassica nigra leaf picture by Carlos Villasante (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Brassica nigra flower picture by Martin Sanford (cc-by-sa)
Brassica nigra flower picture by Arturo Adamuz (cc-by-sa)
Brassica nigra flower picture by Arturo Adamuz (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Brassica nigra fruit picture by Carlos Villasante (cc-by-sa)
Brassica nigra fruit picture by moomigi (cc-by-sa)
Brassica nigra fruit picture by Audrey VAN TICHELEN (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Brassica nigra world distribution map, present in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, and United States of America

Conservation status

Brassica nigra threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:279422-1
WFO ID wfo-0000571314
COL ID N82D
BDTFX ID 10315
INPN ID 86400
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Brassica nigra f. condensata Mutarda nigra Melanosinapis nigra Brassica turgida Sisymbrium nigrum Sinapis bracteolata Sinapis orgyalis Sinapis nigra Brassica brachycarpa Brassica persoonii Brassica sinapioides Brassica sinapioides Brassica sinapis Crucifera sinapis Sinapis torulosa Melanosinapis communis Raphanus sinapis-officinalis Sinapis erysimoides Brassica bracteolata Brassica elongata var. longipedicellata Brassica nigra var. abyssinica Brassica nigra var. bracteolata Brassica nigra var. carneodentata Brassica nigra subsp. hispida Brassica nigra var. japonica Brassica nigra var. subglabra Brassica nigra var. tortuosa Brassica nigra var. turgida Brassica nigra var. nigra Brassica nigra subsp. nigra Sinapis persoonii Brassica nigra f. breviflora Brassica nigra f. dentifera Brassica nigra f. glabrata Brassica nigra f. hispida Brassica nigra var. torulosa Brassica nigra