Cardamine flexuosa With.

Woodland bittercress (en), Cardamine des bois (fr), Cardamine flexueuse (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Brassicales > Brassicaceae > Cardamine

Characteristics

Herbs annual or biennial, (6-)10-50 cm tall, sparsely to densely hirsute basally or throughout, or glabrous. Stems erect, ascending, or decumbent, 1 to several from base, simple or branched, flexuous or straight. Basal leaves not rosulate, often withered by anthesis, petiolate; leaf blade (2-)4-10(-14) cm, lyrate; terminal lobe reniform, broadly ovate, or suborbicular, repand or 3-5-lobed; lateral lobes, (1 or)2-6(or 7) on each side of midvein, petiolulate or subsessile, oblong, ovate, or elliptic, smaller than terminal lobe, entire, repand, crenate, or 3(-5)-lobed. Cauline leaves 3-15, including petiole (2-)3.5-5.5(-7) cm; petiole base not auriculate; terminal lobe 3-5-lobed; lateral lobes 2-7 on each side of midvein, suborbicular, ovate, oblong, oblanceolate, or linear, similar to or slightly smaller than terminal lobe, sessile or shortly petiolulate, entire, repand, dentate, or 3(-5)-lobed. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending, (5-)6-14(-17) mm, slender. Sepals oblong, 1.5-2.5 × 0.7-1 mm. Petals white, spatulate, 2.5-4(-5) × 1-1.7 mm. Stamens 6, rarely 4 and lateral pair absent; filaments 2-3 mm; anthers ovate, 0.3-0.5 mm. Ovules 18-40 per ovary. Fruit linear, (0.8-)1.2-2.8 cm × 1-1.5 mm; valves glabrous, torulose; style 0.3-1(-1.5) mm. Seeds brown, oblong or subquadrate, 0.9-1.5 × 0.6-1 mm, narrowly margined or not. Fl. Feb-May, fr. Apr-Jul. 2n = 32.
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Mostly perennial, diffusely branching herb; from the base usually many erect to ascending, curved or flexuous stems, in lower parts sometimes prostrate and rooting, 10-50 cm high with few to numerous scattered hairs. Basal leaves rarely persistent; cauline leaves nearly glabrous to sparsely pubescent, mostly numerous, imparipinnate with a terminal and 2 or 3 pairs of lateral leaflets, 2-10 cm long; petiole non-auriculate; leaflets narrowly to broadly ovate or orbicular in outline, obtuse, truncate to cuneate, usually crenate and often shallowly trifid; terminal leaflets 0.7-3.5 by 0.7-2 cm on distinct petiolules; lateral leaflets 0.4-1.5 by 0.3-1.5 cm on 1.5-7 mm long petiolules. Racemes terminal with 5-20 flowers, in fruit rather lax, up to 12 cm long; pedicels in fruit patent (angle to stem over 45°), 6-12 mm long with patent to erect siliquae, angled upwards at junction with the pedicel. Sepals green with narrow hyaline margins, oblong, obtuse, c. 1.5 mm long. Petals white, spathulate, 2.5-4 mm long. Stamens 6, distinctly tetradynamous; anthers 0.3-0.4 mm long. Ovary cylindrical with a rather short style, narrower than the ovary, and a flat stigma. Siliqua straight, linear, 18-30 by 0.8-1.2 mm; style 0.7-2 by c. 0.3 mm. Seeds reddish brown, often with a vestigial wing, broadly oblong in outline, 1.1-1.4 by 0.8-1.1 mm, nearly smooth.
Annual to perennial herb. Rhizomes 0. Stems erect, flexuous, hairy especially below, green, rarely purplish, (10)-15-30-(40) cm tall. Lvs thin, green, sparsely hairy above and sometimes beneath and on petiole. Rosette lvs pinnate, petiolate; terminal leaflet circular, bluntly lobed, cordate, slightly larger than laterals; lateral leaflets in (2)-3-4-(5) pairs, ovate, bluntly lobed, cordate and unequal at base; petiolules < leaflets. Cauline lvs pinnate, petiolate; terminal leaflet obovate, bluntly lobed, cuneate, becoming narrow-oblanceolate, toothed, slightly larger than the lateral leaflets; lateral leaflets in (2)-3-(4) pairs, ovate, cordate, becoming narrow-oblanceolate, toothed especially basiscopically, shortly petiolulate, becoming subsessile. Infl. racemose, flexuous, glabrous or sparsely hairy, (4)-6-10-(15) cm long. Pedicels glabrous or rarely the lowest sparsely hairy, erecto-patent to ± spreading, 3-10 mm long at fruiting. Sepals glabrous, purplish, pinkish or green, 1.3-1.7 × 0.5-0.8 mm; margins scarious. Petals white, ± erect, spathulate, 2-3 × 0.6-1.0 mm. Stamens 6. Silique pale greenish brown, rarely with purple valves, erecto-patent at angle to pedicel, (10)-15-18-(25) × c. 1 mm; valves glabrous; style 0.8-1 mm long. Seeds reddish brown, broad-oblong, very narrowly winged, c. 1 mm long.
Annuals or biennials; sparse-ly to densely hirsute basally or throughout, or glabrous. Rhizomes absent. Stems erect, ascending, or decumbent, branched or unbranched, (0.6-)1-5 dm, (slightly flexuous). Basal l eaves (often withered by anthesis), not rosulate, 5-15-foliolate, (2.7-)4-14 (-19) cm, leaflets petiolulate; petiole 0.7-5 cm, (ciliate or not); lateral leaflet blade oblong, ovate, or elliptic, smaller than terminal, margins entire, repand, crenate, or 3 (or 5)-lobed; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.3-1.7 cm), blade reniform, broadly ovate, or suborbicular, 0.5-2.5 cm × 4-30 mm, margins repand, crenate, or 3 or 5-lobed. Cauline leaves 3-15, 5-15-foliolate [leaves (2-)3.5-5.5(-7) cm, including petiole], petiolate, leaflets petiolulate; petiole base not auriculate; lateral leaflets similar to basal, (0.4-2.5 mm wide). Racemes ebracteate. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending, (5-)6-14(-17) mm. Flowers: sepals oblong, 1.5-2.5 × 0.7-1 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, spatulate, 2.5-4(-5) × 1-1.7 mm; (stamens rarely 4, lateral pair absent); filaments 2-3 mm; anthers ovate, 0.3-0.5 mm. Fruits linear, (torulose), (0.8-)1.2-2.8 cm × 1-1.5 mm; ovules 18-40 per ovary; style 0.3-1(-1.5) mm. Seeds brown, oblong or subquadrate, 0.9-1.5 × 0.6-1 mm, (narrowly margined or not). 2n = 32.
Annual herb, rarely perennial in Australia, to 50 cm tall, erect, sparsely hirsute, the taproot not persistent. Basal leaves pinnate, petiolate, the pinnae 3–6 pairs narrowly ovate to reniform; cauline leaves reducing; pinnae sparsely hairy. Sepals c. 1.5 mm long, green-violet with narrow white margins. Petals 2.5–3 mm long, white. Stamens 6, rarely less. Style c. 1 mm long. Siliqua linear, 10–25 mm long, c. 1 mm wide, erect, often overtopping inflorescence. Pedicels erect to spreading, slender, curved, 5–13 mm long. Seeds ovoid, c. 1 mm long, compressed, narrowly winged.
Biennial, perennial or occasionally annual herb, up to 0.5 m high. Stems erect or decumbent, flexuous, hairy. Leaves with basal leaves in 2-7 pairs, pinnate; leaflets ovate to reniform, terminal leaflets larger; cauline leaves in 2-6 pairs, lateral leaflets narrowly ovate, margins dentate to entire. Flowers: petals 2.5-4.0 mm long, twice as long as sepals; white; Nov., Dec. Fruit with pedicels ascending or spreading; siliquae 12-25 x 1 mm.
A cabbage family herb. It grows each year from seeds. It grows up to 50 cm tall. It usually has several low branches. There are a ring of leaves at the base. The flowers are 3-4 mm across. The ripe pod is 1.2-2.5 cm long by 1-1.5 mm wide.
Leaves petiolate, pinnate with rounded reniform or obovate-cuneate leaflets up to about 10 x 8 mm. (in material from our area) usually lobed or toothed; cauline leaves sessile or shortly petiolate.
Annual or perennial herb, 10–50 cm. tall, with slender, branched stems, somewhat pubescent towards the base.
Sepals 1.5 x 0.5 mm., elliptic-oblong, greenish with a white margin.
Silique 10–25 x 0.7–1 mm., linear-oblong, glabrous.
Flowers white in terminal, subcorymbose racemes.
Seeds 2.5–1.5 mm., flattened-ellipsoid.
Stamens 6, filaments 0.5 mm. long.
Petals 1.5–2.5 x 0.7 mm., oblong.
Ovary 1 x 0.3 mm., cylindric.
Life form
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination
Spread anemochory
Mature width (meter) 0.1 - 0.5
Mature height (meter) 0.3 - 0.5
Root system fibrous-root rhizome tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It grows in mountain slopes, roadsides, fields, clearings, wastelands, damp fields, roadsides, grasslands, disturbed sites, stream sides, clearings, running water, wet forests, dry sites, greenhouses; near sea level to 3600 m altitude in China. In Argentina it grows to 2,000 m above sea level. Tasmania Herbarium. In Yunnan.
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Moist places in forests, among rocks and boulders, at streams, in clearings; 1000-2200 m.
Moist shady places by streams and occasionally on cultivated ground.
Grows as a garden and glasshouse weed.
Light 3-8
Soil humidity 4-7
Soil texture 1-5
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 4-9

Usage

The leaves are cooked and eaten.
Uses food medicinal
Edible flowers leaves roots shoots
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Cardamine flexuosa habit picture by laurent hoffmann (cc-by-sa)
Cardamine flexuosa habit picture by Rudolf Eberli (cc-by-sa)
Cardamine flexuosa habit picture by Terje Norli (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Cardamine flexuosa leaf picture by Fabien Mikol (cc-by-sa)
Cardamine flexuosa leaf picture by Caroline Lefevre (cc-by-sa)
Cardamine flexuosa leaf picture by Krzysztof Golucki (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Cardamine flexuosa flower picture by Rodolphe Gantzer (cc-by-sa)
Cardamine flexuosa flower picture by Jacqueline Jacqueline Ceulemans (cc-by-sa)
Cardamine flexuosa flower picture by Elfi Karner (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Cardamine flexuosa fruit picture by Pierre LEON (cc-by-sa)
Cardamine flexuosa fruit picture by Vladimír Valach (cc-by-sa)
Cardamine flexuosa fruit picture by Florian Fournier (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Cardamine flexuosa world distribution map, present in Australia, Bhutan, Canada, China, France, Indonesia, India, Kenya, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, United States of America, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:280312-1
WFO ID wfo-0000586792
COL ID R4DP
BDTFX ID 12860
INPN ID 87915
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Cardamine flexuosa f. heterophylla Cardamine drymeja Cardamine duraniensis Cardamine flexuosa Cardamine konaensis Cardamine muscosa Cardamine pusilla Cardamine setigera Cardamine sylvatica Cardamine debilis Cardamine flexuosa f. umbrosa Cardamine hirsuta f. rigida Cardamine fallax var. glabra Cardamine flexuosa var. bracteata Cardamine flexuosa var. gracilipes Cardamine flexuosa var. haleakalensis Cardamine flexuosa var. ovatifolia Cardamine flexuosa var. petiolulata Cardamine hirsuta var. flaccida Cardamine hirsuta var. flexuosa Cardamine hirsuta subsp. flexuosa Cardamine hirsuta var. omeiensis Cardamine hirsuta var. sylvatica Cardamine scutata subsp. flexuosa Cardamine flexuosa var. interrupta Cardamine flexuosa f. macrocarpa Cardamine flexuosa f. pusilla Cardamine hirsuta subsp. sylvatica Cardamine flexuosa var. flexuosa Cardamine hirsuta subsp. flexuosa