Cerbera manghas L.

Species

Angiosperms > Gentianales > Apocynaceae > Cerbera

Characteristics

Tree or shrub to 20 m tall, to 60 cm dbh. Branchlets with very visible leaf scars, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 0.9-4.5 cm long, glabrous; blade papery to coriaceous, elliptic to obovate, 5−31 by 1−7 cm, 1.7−7 times as long as wide, apex acuminate, apiculate or, rarely, rounded, base cuneate, glabrous above and beneath, 12-40 pairs of secondary veins anastomosing into an intramarginal nerve, tertiary venation reticulate. Inflorescence few-to many-flowered, lax, robust, 5-31 cm long; peduncle 6-15.5 cm long, glabrous; pedicels 3-28 mm long, glabrous. Flowers fragrant. Sepals linear, narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, 8-21 by 2-9 mm, 2-5.6 times as long as wide, glabrous. Corolla white with a red eye (reported also as pure white); tube 17-43 mm long, narrow, widening near the throat, 2-5.5 mm wide around stamens, 2.1-3.3 times as long as calyx, 1.4-2 times as long as lobes, glabrous outside, pubescent most of length of tube inside; lobes obliquely elliptic, 15-29 by 7.5-18 mm, 1.1-2.5 times as long as wide, glabrous outside and inside. Stamens inserted near top of tube with anther apices just beneath corolla throat; anthers 1.3-3 by 1.1-2 mm. Ovaries 1.2-2 mm long; style and style head 21-40 mm long. Fruit oblong or ellipsoid; reddish when mature; 5-12 by 3-7 cm.
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Shrub or tree 1.5–25 m high; trunk to 70 cm in diameter; bark grey to dark brown, rough, peeling off in clumps, with large lenticels; wood soft, white; glabrous in all parts except for corolla.. Leaves petiolate; blade coriaceous, narrowly obovate (elliptic), 5–31 cm long, 1–7(–8) cm wide, apiculate to acuminate (rounded or retuse); 15–40 pairs of secondary veins; petiole 1–4.5 cm long.. Inflorescence many-flowered, to 23 cm long, lax near its base but otherwise congested; peduncle 1.5–12 cm long; pedicels 3–28 mm long; bracts sepal-like.. Flowers fragrant, usually only one open per inflorescence; sepals pale green, spreading and often recurved, (4–)8–37 mm long, 2–8 mm wide; corolla tube greenish, 17–55 mm long; lobes white, often pinkish outside, obliquely elliptic to obovate, (9–)14–30(–35) mm long, (5–)9–18(–35) mm wide with 5 white or yellow lanate scales 1.5–3 mm long in the centre, pubescent at the mouth and inside the tube; stamens included, anthers subglobose, 1.5–3 mm.. Fruit of 2 separate (rarely half-connate) mericarps, purplish red or pale green and suffused with red, mericarps ellipsoid, 5–12 cm long, 3–7 cm in diameter.. Fig. 22 (p. 66).
An evergreen tree up to 8 m tall. It can reach 20 m high. It spreads to 2-5 m across. The stem is erect and branching. It has milky sap. The bark is grey brown. The branches come out in whorls, and they are marked with leaf scars. The leaves are bright green. The leaf stalk is 3-6 cm long. The leaf blade is oblong, and narrowing towards the tip. It is 6-37 cm long by 3-8 cm wide. Leaves are deeply veined and arranged in spirals around the stem. The flowers are white with a yellow throat. They are like tubes and 7.5 cm long by 2.5-5 cm across. They occur in dense clusters at the ends of branches. The flowers have a strong scent. The fruit are round and fleshy berries, which are 7.5 cm across. They are pink, tinged with purple. Often the fruit occur in pairs. They hang down.
Tree to 12 m high. Leaves with petiole 15–62 mm long; lamina elliptic-obovate, 15–25 cm long, 4–7 cm wide, cuneate, entire, not sinuate, acute, short-or long-acuminate, discolorous; secondary veins 25–32 each side of midrib; tertiary venation reticulate, prominent. Inflorescence usually with less than 30 flowers. Flowers 30–40 mm long, 20–35 mm diam.; pedicels 10–20 mm long. Sepals lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, 12–25 mm long. Corolla white with red centre at top of tube; tube 22–35 mm long; lobes ovate to obovate, 18–26 mm long. Fruit ovoid-globose, 6–7 cm long, 3.5–4 cm wide, 3.5–4 cm thick, red when ripe.
Trees to 8 m tall. Bark gray-brown; branches whorled, marked with leaf scars. Petiole 2.5-6 cm; leaf blade narrowly ovate, 6-37 X 2.3-7.8 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Peduncle stout, 5-21 cm. Pedicel terete, 1-2 cm. Flowers 4-7 cm wide. Corolla white, pinkish in center; tube 2.5-4 cm, villous inside ; lobes ovate, falcate, 1.5-2.5 cm. Drupes 5-8 X 4-6 cm, smooth. Seeds usually single. Fl. Mar-Oct, fr. Jul-Dec. 2n = 40.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.0 - 5.0
Mature height (meter) 9.0 - 10.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows best in rich, moist, well drained soils. It needs a sheltered and partly shaded position. It is drought and frost tender. It is often near swamps, near the sea and on rocky and sandy coasts. It can tolerate exposure near the coast, but is cold sensitive. In XTBG Yunnan. It suits hardiness zones 11-12. In Townsville Anderson BG.
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Humid evergreen forest along the coast as well as in dry deciduous forest inland up to elevations of 150 metres in Madagascar. Seashore and tidal river banks in southern China.
Grows along beaches above high-water mark, in monsoon vine thickets and vine forests, often in watercourses.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-11

Usage

UsesThe wood can be used for household items and packaging and makes a good charcoal. It can be used externally against sores and internally as a purgative. The seeds can be made into a fish poison. The seeds also yield an oil that can be used to make candles. Also grown as an ornamental.
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CAUTION: The fruit, and especially the seed, are very poisonous and contain hydrocyanic acid and the cardiac glycosides thevetin and cerberin. The leaves have been recorded as being eaten.
The fruit may be used as a toy (substitute ball). was used by Aboriginal people to poison fish (Beasley 2009: 86).
Uses animal food charcoal environmental use food fuel material medicinal oil ornamental poison seasoning social use timber wood
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Cathartics (bark), Emetics (bark), Narcotics (bark), Narcotics (fruit), Rabies (fruit), Cathartics (leaf), Emetics (leaf), Laxatives (leaf), Antirheumatic agents (plant exudate), Cathartics (plant exudate), Skin diseases (plant exudate), Laxatives (root), Antirheumatic agents (seed), Cardiotonic agents (seed), Cathartics (seed), Emetics (seed), Hypertension (seed), Spasm (seed), Canicide (unspecified), Carditis (unspecified), Cathartic (unspecified), Cold (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Hair-Oil (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Piscicide (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Yaws (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Pediculicide (unspecified), Fatality (unspecified), Ordeal (unspecified), Fishes, poisonous (unspecified), Wounds and injuries (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Cerbera manghas leaf picture by Guillaume JUGE (cc-by-sa)
Cerbera manghas leaf picture by j chunky (cc-by-sa)
Cerbera manghas leaf picture by Coordination Endemia (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Cerbera manghas flower picture by Martin W (cc-by-sa)
Cerbera manghas flower picture by Ho Jialun (cc-by-sa)
Cerbera manghas flower picture by Richard Chesher (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Cerbera manghas fruit picture by Jackie Lai (cc-by-sa)
Cerbera manghas fruit picture by Jean-Marie Tognola (cc-by-sa)
Cerbera manghas fruit picture by j chunky (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Cerbera manghas world distribution map, present in American Samoa, French Southern Territories, Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, Cook Islands, Comoros, Dominica, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Indonesia, India, Cambodia, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Mauritius, Pitcairn, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Seychelles, Thailand, Tonga, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States of America, Viet Nam, Wallis and Futuna, and Samoa

Conservation status

Cerbera manghas threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77906-1
WFO ID wfo-0000834469
COL ID 69KXS
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 446918
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Tanghinia veneneflua Tanghinia venenifera Cerbera tanghin Cerbera linnaei Cerbera venenifera Elcana seminuda Cerbera manghas f. luteola Odollamia manghas Odollamia moluca Tanghinia manghas Cerbera manghas var. acutisperma Cerbera manghas var. mugfordii Cerbera manghas var. samoensis Cerbera odollam var. mugfordii Tabernaemontana obtusifolia Cerbera manghas