Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.

Loquat (en), Bibassier (fr), Néflier du Japon (fr), Ériobotrie du Japon (fr), Ériobotrya du Japon (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Rosaceae > Eriobotrya

Characteristics

Trees small, to 10 m tall. Branchlets yellowish brown, densely rusty or grayish rusty tomentose. Stipule subulate, 1–1.5 cm, pubescent, apex acuminate; petiole nearly absent or short, 6–10 mm, grayish brown tomentose; leaf blade lanceolate, oblanceolate, obovate, or elliptic-oblong, 12–30 × 3–9 cm, leathery, lateral veins 11 or 12 pairs, abaxially densely gray rusty tomentose, adaxially lustrous, rugose, base cuneate, margin entire basally, remotely serrate apically, apex acute or acuminate. Panicle 10–19 cm, many flowered; peduncle densely rusty tomentose; bracts subulate, 2–5 mm, densely rusty tomentose. Pedicel 2–8 mm, rusty tomentose. Flowers fragrant, 1.2–2 cm in diam. Hypanthium shallowly cupular, abaxially rusty tomentose. Sepals triangular-ovate, 2–3 mm, abaxially densely rusty tomentose, apex obtuse. Petals white, oblong or ovate, 5–9 × 4–6 mm, apex obtuse or emarginate. Stamens 20. Ovary rusty pubescent apically, 5-loculed, with 2 ovules per locule; styles 5, free. Pome yellow or orangish yellow, globose or obovate, 1–1.5 cm in diam., rusty tomentose, soon glabrescent; fruiting pedicel 3–8 mm, initially rusty tomentose, glabrescent. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 34*.
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Tree up to 8 m high when mature; trunk well developed; primary stems erect; secondary stems spreading; young stems stout, white-tomentose; older stems with prominent lf scars, becoming greyish brown and transversely calloused. Lvs near branch tips; petiole c. 15 mm long, stout; blade oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 150-350-(400) × 75-100-(130) mm, acute, tapering to cuneate or slightly auriculate base, very coriaceous, ± rugose, dark green and glossy above, thinly grey-or brown-tomentose below (very young lvs completely brown-tomentose), serrate at least in upper 1/2 (sometimes obscurely); stipules long-triangular, ± attenuate, pilose. Infl. of many fls; pedicels 5-8 mm long, brownish tomentose. Sepals fused for most of length; lobes 2-4 mm long, brown-tomentose. Petals white or ivory, oblong, c. 7-8 × 3-4 mm, shallowly emarginate. Fr. pyriform to broadly ellipsoid-oblong or subglobose, up to 50 × 35 mm; skin yellow, ± tomentose; flesh sweet.
Small trees. Twigs rather stout, rough. Leaves more or less crowded at twig ends, oblong to lanceolate, 12-28 by 3.5-8 cm, margin shordy dentate in upper part, coriaceous, with 10-22 pairs of nerves, woolly above when very young but soon glabrate, densely woolly and tardily glabrescent below. Petiole 4-10 mm long. Stipules intrapetio-lar, cohering or connate into a 2-topped scale, up to 1 cm long. Inflorescence a compound raceme, 15-20 cm long, peduncle short, pedicels very short. Flowers rather large, very hairy. Sepals persistent. Petals long remaining, white. Ovary inferior or almost so, the densely hairy top free from the hypanthium, 5-celled, styles (practically) free, hairy at base. Fruits globular to ovoid, up to 8 cm diam. but usually (much) smaller, exocarp hairy, yellow to orange, mesocarp juicy, endocarps mem-branous. Seeds 2 or 3, large, with firm, glabrous, brown testa.
A small evergreen tree up to 6-10 m high. It has a round crown. Leaves are large and strongly ribbed. They are 12-30 cm long and 8-10 cm wide. They are dark green and glossy on the upper surface and woolly white underneath. They are leathery with slight teeth. The new growth is tinged with red. Flowers have a strong scent. Flowers are small and white and in clusters at the ends of branches. They have a scent. Fruit are in loose clusters of about 10. They are pear shaped. They are 3-5 cm long and yellow when ripe. There are 3-5 large brown seeds in each fruit.
Stems: bark ± smooth. Leaves: petiole 6–10 mm; blade margins dentate in distal 1/2, lateral veins 15–25 per side, apex acute. Inflorescences: branches stiff, densely rufous-tomentose, with 1–3 barely reduced leaflike bracts, flowers ± sessile; bracteoles deciduous, narrowly triangular, margins entire, rufous-tomentose. Flowers: sepals 3 × 3 mm; petals ± spreading, often notched, 8–10 mm. Pomes: flesh sweet. Seeds 3–5, black, ovoid, shiny. 2n = 34.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 5.0
Mature height (meter) 8.5 - 9.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 4.9
Root diameter (meter) 0.3
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is native to China and Japan. They suit subtropical and warm temperate areas. It can grow in the highlands in the tropics. Trees grow best between 750 and 1750 m altitude in the tropics, and are best about 1000 m. It is not suited to the coastal tropics and can't stand heavy frosts on the flowers or fruit. It does better in drier areas and needs good drainage. A well distributed rainfall of about 100 cm per year is suitable. Well established trees can tolerate a low temperature of-11°C. The killing temperature for the flower bud is about-7°C, and for the mature flower about-2°C. At-4°C the seed is killed, causing the fruit to fall. Trees need good drainage and do best in full sunlight. Trees can stand drought but yield best with water at flowering and fruit development. It can grow in arid places. In Brisbane Botanical Gardens. In Nepal they grow between 1300-2000 m altitude. It suits hardiness zones 8-11. In Yunnan.
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Not known in the wild.
Not known in the wild.
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 2-6
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-10

Usage

The ripe fruit is eaten fresh. If the fruit is cooked, the seeds should be removed as they give a bitter taste. The fruit are used for alcohol production. Caution: Alcohol is a cause of cancer. Fruit are also used for jam, jellies and sauces. They can be stewed or used in pies. The roasted seeds are used as a coffee substitute. CAUTION The leaves are poisonous. The seeds are also poisonous.
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Uses The juicy fruits (loquat) are eaten raw and made into jam. See Nguyen Tien Hiep & E.W.M. Verheij E.W.M. Verheij & R.E. Coro-nel (eds.) Edible fruits and nuts, Plant Res. SE Asia (PROSEA Handbook) 2 1991 161-164
Uses animal food bee plant coffee substitute cosmetics drinks eating environmental use fodder food food additive fuel gene source material medicinal ornamental poison seasoning soap social use spice timber vertebrate poison wood
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Antifungal agents (bark), Antiviral agents (bark), Watermelon mosaic virus (bark), Expectorants (flower), Antiemetics (fruit), Antioxidants (fruit), Dyspepsia (fruit), Hypnotics and sedatives (fruit), Thirst (fruit), Vomiting (fruit), Antifungal agents (leaf), Anti-inflammatory agents (leaf), Antipyretics (leaf), Antitussive agents (leaf), Diabetes mellitus (leaf), Diarrhea (leaf), Digestive system diseases (leaf), Diuretics (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Antitussive (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Chafe (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Cyanogenetic (unspecified), Depression (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Epistaxis (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Nausea (unspecified), Pertussis (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Smallpox (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Thirst (unspecified), Wine-Nose (unspecified), Hemoptysis (unspecified), Sedative (unspecified), Coryza (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Antioxidants (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified), Cholesterol (unspecified), Diabetes mellitus (unspecified), Free radical scavengers (unspecified), Central nervous system diseases (whole plant excluding root), Hypothermia (whole plant excluding root)
Human toxicity weak toxic (seed), weak toxic (leaf)
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown from cuttings or layering. It can also be grown from seeds or by grafting. Seeds grow easily. Seeds need a temperature of 13-16°C or above to germinate. Trees should be planted in groups to cross pollinate. A spacing of 6 m is suitable. Trees grow quickly. Trees need light pruning of the tips of branches to maintain tree shape and avoid excessively thin fruit bearing branches.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 30 - 180
Germination temperacture (C°) 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -12
Optimum temperature (C°) 21 - 27
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Eriobotrya japonica habit picture by Rosana Mendoza (cc-by-sa)
Eriobotrya japonica habit picture by andrea guidotti (cc-by-sa)
Eriobotrya japonica habit picture by gioacchino trapani (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Eriobotrya japonica leaf picture by Habib Bouazza (cc-by-sa)
Eriobotrya japonica leaf picture by Tom (cc-by-sa)
Eriobotrya japonica leaf picture by Davide Grigio Grigis (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Eriobotrya japonica flower picture by Marzocchi Monica (cc-by-sa)
Eriobotrya japonica flower picture by Aleix Diz (cc-by-sa)
Eriobotrya japonica flower picture by Laura Perini (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Eriobotrya japonica fruit picture by yuri vingt deux (cc-by-sa)
Eriobotrya japonica fruit picture by chiara (cc-by-sa)
Eriobotrya japonica fruit picture by Antonele Marcia (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Eriobotrya japonica world distribution map, present in Brazil, China, Japan, New Zealand, Thailand, and United States of America

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:724793-1
WFO ID wfo-0000986002
COL ID 3B2J8
BDTFX ID 24979
INPN ID 96836
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Photinia japonica Mespilus japonica Crataegus bibas Eriobotrya japonica

Lower taxons

Eriobotrya japonica 'MacBeth' Eriobotrya japonica 'Oliver' Eriobotrya japonica 'Wolfe'