Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn.

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Erythroxylaceae > Erythroxylum

Characteristics

Glabrous evergreen shrub or small tree (1–)1.5–9(–25) m. tall; branches rather stout, somewhat flattened and with raised lines decurrent from the petiole bases when young, soon rounded, pale grey or grey-brown, almost smooth; bark vertically fissured, dark grey or grey-brown, sometimes pink tinged.. Leaves oblanceolate or rhombic to elliptic, less often obovate or almost round, (1.5–)2–12.5(–15) cm. long, (0.6–)1–4.5(–5) cm. wide, rounded or shortly acuminate towards the apex but always ± shallowly emarginate at the tip, narrowly to broadly cuneate (less often rounded or truncate) at the base, coriaceous, bright to dark green or blue-green and shining above, paler green or pale reddish brown beneath; midrib and loosely reticulate venation prominent on both sides; petiole 1.5–6 mm. long, slender, grooved above; stipules completely united, broadly triangular, 1–2 mm. long, acute, with entire membranous margin, persistent.. Flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2–8 in the leaf-axils, usually borne in clusters on stem regions with short inter-nodes; pedicels (0.2–)0.5–1.4 cm. long, slender, angular.. Sepals triangular, ± 1 mm. long, acute, united for about 1/4 of their length.. Petals white or cream tinged brown outside, white tinged green inside, or yellowish, sometimes with a red mark on the back, oblong, 3–4.5 mm. long, rounded at the apex, shortly clawed; nectary white, 1–1.5 mm. long, shortly fimbriate, inserted 1/4 of the length above the base.. Short-styled flowers: stamens equal, 4–5 mm. long; staminal cup equal to or slightly exceeding the sepals, usually with a 10-denticulate margin; ovary obovoid, ± 1.5 mm. long, slightly longer than the stamen-cup; styles, 3, 1.5 mm. long, free.. Long-styled flowers: stamens unequal, those opposite the sepals 1.75–3 mm. long, those opposite the petals 3–3.5 mm. long; stamen-cup and ovary as in other form; styles 3, 3–3.5 mm. long, free.. Fruit bright red, flask-shaped, 0.8–1.3 cm. long, occasionally becoming broadly ellipsoid, sweet and edible.. Fig. 1/1–6.
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Leaves petiolate; lamina (1·5) 2–12·5 (15) × (0·6) 1–4·5 (5) cm., varying from oblanceolate or rhombic (rarely obovate) to elliptic (rarely sub-circular), rounded or shortly acuminate towards the apex but always ± shallowly emarginate at the tip, narrowly to broadly cuneate (rarely rounded or truncate) at the base, coriaceous, bright to dark green or bluish-green and shining above, paler green or pale reddish-brown below, with midrib and ± loosely reticulate venation prominent on both sides; petiole 1·5–6 mm. long, rather slender, grooved above; stipules completely united, 1–2 mm. long, broadly triangular, acute, with entire membranous margin, persistent.
Tree or shrub, 1.5-9.0(18.0) m high, branchlets flattened towards tip. Leaves alternate, elliptic to oblanceolate, up to 125 x 45 mm, entire, coriaceous, glabrous, glossy, dark green above, paler green below, venation prominent, base cuneate, apex emarginate; petioles ± 6 mm long; stipules intrapetiolar. Flowers axillary, solitary or in fascicles of 2-8, small, pedicellate, white, scented. Flowering time Sept.-Dec. Fruit a small, 1-seeded drupe, ampullaceous (flask-shaped), up to 14 mm long, with calyx and filaments persisting at base, bright red, edible.
A shrub or small tree. It grows 6 m tall. It can be 25 m tall. The bark is dark grey. It has cracks along it. The leaves are alternate and broadly sword shaped. The leaves are 2-13 cm long by 1-5 cm wide. The leaves are held in one plane and the ends of the branches are flattened. It has sweet-scented white flowers. The flowers are in small clusters and in the axils of leaves. They are white to cream. The fruit are red berries. They are fleshy. They are 10-13 mm long.
Shrub or small tree (1) 1·5–9 m. high, occasionally taller (up to 18 m.), evergreen, glabrous; branches rather stout, somewhat flattened and with raised lines decurrent from the petiole-bases when young, soon terete, pale grey or grey-brown, almost smooth; bark vertically fissured, dark grey or grey-brown, sometimes pink-tinged.
Short-styled flowers: stamens equal, 4 mm. long; stamen-cup equal to the sepals, usually with 10-denticulate margin; ovary c. 1·5 mm. long, slightly longer than stamen-cup, obovoid; styles 3–1·5 mm. long, free.
Straggling shrub, up to 2 m high. Leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, usually 30-50 mm long, rather stiffly textured and hard, venation prominent, apex emarginate. Fruit ellipsoidal, fleshy, red. Flowers white.
Flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2–8 in the leaf-axils, usually borne in clusters on stem regions with short internodes; pedicels 5–14 mm. long, rather slender, angular.
Long-styled flowers: stamens unequal, the antisepalous 1·75 mm. and antipetalous 3·5 mm. long; stamen-cup as above; ovary as above; styles 3, 3–3·5 mm. long, free.
Petals white, c. 4 mm. long, oblong, rounded at the apex, shortly unguiculate; ligule 1–1·5 mm. long, shortly fimbriate, inserted 1/4 of the length above the base.
Drupe 8–12 mm. long, bright red, ampullaceous at first but occasionally becoming broadly ellipsoid.
Sepals c. 1 mm. long, triangular, acute, united for about 1/4 of their length.
A glabrous shrub or small tree
Flowers white, fragrant
Fruit red.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 3.5 - 7.5
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Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It grows in coastal grassy savannah plains. It also grows on stream banks. In Malawi it grows in forests between 600-2,150 m altitude.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture 7-8
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

Uses environmental use food gene source material medicinal
Edible fruits
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Mode -
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Images

Erythroxylum emarginatum unspecified picture

Distribution

Erythroxylum emarginatum world distribution map, present in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mozambique, Malawi, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, eSwatini, Chad, Togo, Tanzania, United Republic of, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Erythroxylum emarginatum threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:544043-1
WFO ID wfo-0000679826
COL ID 6GTFP
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Erythroxylum caffrum Erythroxylum emarginatum Erythroxylum schliebenii Erythroxylum emarginatum var. angustifolium Erythroxylum emarginatum var. caffrum Erythroxylum monogynum var. caffrum Erythroxylum perrotii