Euonymus japonicus Thunb.

Japanese spindletree (en), Fusain du Japon (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Celastrales > Celastraceae > Euonymus

Characteristics

Erect, procumbent, or scandent shrub, or small tree, up to 8 m. Branchlets terete, if procumbent or scandent bearing rootlets. Leaves chartaceous, thin-coriaceous to coriaceous, ovate or broad-ovate, obovate or obovate-oblong, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, rarely broad-elliptic, 2-9½ by 1½-4 cm; base obtuse, or acute; apex acute or obtuse, rarely acuminate; margin dentate-crenate; nerves 2-6 pairs, rather fine, obliquely spreading and loosely anastomosing near the margin; petiole 2-13 mm. Cymes axillary and/or extra-axillary, 1-12 cm long. Peduncle 0.5-8 cm. Bracts triangular, lanceolate, ½-4 mm long, caducous. Pedicels 3-5 mm. Flowers greenish white, 4-merous, c. 8 mm ø. Calyx lobes reniform or suborbicular, 1-1.5 mm long, entire or slightly erose, the outer pair smallest. Petals subrotund, broad-ovate or-elliptic, 3.5-3 2/3 by 2½-3.5 mm, entire, sometimes erose, slightly recurved. Disk fleshy, flat or slightly concave, slightly 4-angular or subround-ed, usually covered with sparse papillae, sometimes with fleshy processes especially towards the margin, or smooth (extra-Mal. material). Stamens inserted on the margin, sometimes in shallow notches, c. 2½ mm long; anthers broad-ovoid, 2/3-1 mm long, slightly apiculate, rarely obtuse. Pistil 1—2.5 mm above the disk, sometimes slightly 4-angular towards the base; style distinct, cylindric; stigma obscure. Fruits ± globose, smooth, green, c. 1 cm ø; in dehiscing the endocarp gets loose from the exocarp and on both sides of each cell it has a thickened corky-cartilaginous portion, white and crescent-shaped in cross-section; during the shrinkage of the more or less fleshy exocarp the seed, pendulous from the top of the central axis, is pushed out of the cell.
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Evergreen shrubs or small trees, erect, to 3 m tall, sometimes dwarfed; branches gray-green to gray-brown, terete, glabrous, sturdy, twigs green to light green, glabrous, not evidently striate, especially when fresh. Petiole 3-10 mm; leaf blade leathery or thickly leathery, ovate, obovate, orbicular-ovate, or long ovate, (3-)5-10(-12) × (2-)3-5(-5.5) cm, base orbicular or semiorbicular, margin crenulate distally, nearly entire proximally, apex orbicular or semiorbicular; lateral veins 6-8 pairs, slightly visible or unclear, especially when dry. Cymes usually axillary, sometimes terminal, many branched with many flowers; peduncle up to 8 cm, sub-branches 2-4 cm; pedicel 4-7 mm. Flowers 4-merous, 5-6 mm in diam.; sepals nearly orbicular; petals green or yellowish green, sometimes cream, nearly orbicular. Capsule globose or subglobose, brown or yellow-brown to red-brown, 6-9(-12) mm in diam., 4-lobed. Seeds 2 per locule, dark brown, globose; aril orange-red. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. Aug-Jan.
Much-branched, glabrous, evergreen shrub or small tree up to 7 m high. Twigs green, terete or slightly 4-ribbed, smooth, often wrinkled when dry, not winged. Lvs opposite, obovate to elliptic, acute, crenate, 2.5-7 cm long; petiole 5-15 mm long. Cymes 5-many-flowered, pedunculate, dichotomous. Buds greenish, slightly 4-angled; fls 4-merous, 6-10 mm diam.; petals green, broadly elliptic, widely separated. Capsule globose, 4-celled, pink, 6-10 mm diam., exposing the orange to deep red aril after opening.
A spreading evergreen shrub. It grows 3-3.5 m high. The leaves are dark shiny green. The flowers are pale greenish. The fruit are pink capsules opening to reveal orange seeds.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread endozoochory
Mature width (meter) 1.5 - 2.25
Mature height (meter) 4.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

Slopes in thickets and woods, especially near the sea. Wastelands and shrubland, but sometimes also seen as a garden escape on forest margins and in disturbed forests.
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It is a temperate and subtropical plant. It is grown at high altitudes in the tropics. It suits hardiness zones 7-10. Melbourne Botanical Gardens. Arboretum Tasmania.
On edges of rain-forests, on ridges, (600-)1000-2950 m.
Slopes in thickets and woods, especially near the sea.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 2-7
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 7-9

Usage

Uses. ROEPKE ( ROEPKE Trop. Natuur 25, Jub. no 1936 20 ) found it used for hedges in Central Java where it was the host of an endemic butterfly. In temperate countries frequently used as an ornamental. For the various varieties distinguished see REHDER J. Arn. Arb. 19 1938 75-80 Man. Cult. Trees. & Shrubs ed. 2 1940 558-559 Bibl. Cult. Trees 1949 405-411 BLAKELOCK Kew Bull. 1951 262-270 HARA En. Sperm. Jap. 3 1954 84-88 .
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The young leaves are eaten. The older leaves are powdered and used for colouring for other foods. Caution: The fruit is poisonous.
Uses environmental use medicinal ornamental poison
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Diuretic (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified)
Human toxicity strong toxic (whole)
Animal toxicity strong toxic (whole)

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from tip cuttings or seed.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 220 - 365
Germination temperacture (C°) 10 - 18
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -11
Optimum temperature (C°) 12 - 20
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Euonymus japonicus leaf picture by iain Clarke (cc-by-sa)
Euonymus japonicus leaf picture by iain Clarke (cc-by-sa)
Euonymus japonicus leaf picture by Zelaine Estacio-Odle (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Euonymus japonicus flower picture by angela angela (cc-by-sa)
Euonymus japonicus flower picture by Kenneth Parker (cc-by-sa)
Euonymus japonicus flower picture by Pereira Jorge (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Euonymus japonicus fruit picture by Patrick FAYOLLE (cc-by-sa)
Euonymus japonicus fruit picture by kevin mehring (cc-by-sa)
Euonymus japonicus fruit picture by Araújo Manuela (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Euonymus japonicus world distribution map, present in Australia, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), China, Colombia, France, Croatia, Indonesia, Japan, Cambodia, Korea (Republic of), Myanmar, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Slovakia, Thailand, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, United States of America, Uzbekistan, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:160944-1
WFO ID wfo-0000681831
COL ID 3CGXQ
BDTFX ID 26390
INPN ID 448138
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Euonymus japonicus f. rugosus Euonymus japonicus f. viridivariegatus Pragmotessara japonica Euonymus pulchellus Euonymus repens Elaeodendron javanicum Euonymus carrierei Euonymus yoshinagae Masakia yoshinagae Masakia japonica Euonymus japonicus f. microphyllus Euonymus japonicus f. macrophyllus Euonymus japonicus var. litoralis Euonymus fortunei var. alticola Euonymus japonicus var. radicifer Euonymus japonicus var. rugosus Euonymus japonicus var. subinteger Euonymus japonicus var. microphyllus Euonymus japonicus var. macrophyllus Euonymus japonicus var. longifolius Euonymus japonicus var. aureovariegatus Euonymus japonicus var. argenteovariegatus Euonymus japonicus var. aureomarginatus Euonymus japonicus var. viridivariegatus Euonymus japonicus f. albomarginatus Euonymus japonicus f. aureovariegatus Euonymus japonicus f. argenteovariegatus Euonymus japonicus f. aureomarginatus Euonymus japonicus