Ficus benjamina L.

Weeping fig (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Moraceae > Ficus

Characteristics

Tree up to 35 m tall, hemi-epiphytic or (secondarily?) terrestrial. Branches drying brown to greyish to blackish. Leafy twigs 1-2(-3) mm thick, ± angular to subterete, glabrous (or minutely white puberulous); periderm often flaking off. Leaves spirally arranged to subdistichous; lamina elliptic to oblong to (sub)ovate, 2-14 by 1.5-6(-8) cm, coriaceous, apex (sub)acuminate, base rounded to obtuse (to cuneate to subattenuate), margin flat, often callose towards the base; both surfaces glabrous; midrib (almost) flat, lateral veins 6-12(-16) pairs, the basal pair ± to hardly distinct, up to 1/10-1/5 (-1/4) the length of the lamina, unbranched, tertiary venation parallel to the lateral veins; waxy gland at the base of the midrib; petiole 0.5-1.5(-2) cm long, 1-1.5(-2) mm thick, glabrous, drying pale brown; stipules 0.5-1.5(-2) cm long, glabrous (or minutely white puberulous), drying often pale brown to straw-coloured, sometimes darker brown (to blackish), caducous, often involute when dry. Figs axillary, paired (or solitary), sometimes initially enclosed by up to 0.3 cm long calyptrate bud covers, sessile; basal bracts 3, 0.5-3 mm long, unequal (or subequal), glabrous or occasionally white puberulous, persistent; receptacle subglobose to ellipsoid to obovoid (and substipitate) or to subpyriform, 0.5-1(-1.5) cm diam. when dry, glabrous (or sparsely minutely puberulous), yellow to orange to dark red (or pink to purple) at maturity, apex convex to slightly concave, ostiole 1.5-2 mm diam., flat or slightly prominent by a low rim, ± open or closed, the upper ostiolar bracts usually not fully (or sometimes fully) imbricate, occasionally minutely puberulous; wall ± shrivelled (to ribbed) to almost smooth (or pustulate) when dry; internal hairs absent. Tepals (partly) red. Ovary partly red to whitish.
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Trees, to 20 m tall, crown wide, d.b.h. 30-50 cm. Bark gray to gray-white, smooth. Main branches producing aerial roots which can develop into new trunks; branchlets gray-white, pendulous, glabrous. Stipules caducous, lanceolate, 0.6-1.5 cm, membranous, glabrous. Petiole 1-2 cm, adaxially sulcate; leaf blade ovate to broadly elliptic, 4-8(-14) × 2-4(-8) cm, ± lea-thery, glabrous, base rounded to cuneate, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate; secondary veins 8-10 on each side of midvein, parallel, anastomosing near margin, indistinct from tertiary veins. Figs axillary on leafy branchlets, paired or solitary, purple, red, or yellow [or red with white dots] when mature, globose to depressed globose or sometimes pear-shaped, 0.8-2 cm in diam., glabrous or pubescent, base attenuate into stalk, sessile; involucral bracts inconspicuous, triangular-ovate, glabrous, persistent. Male, gall, and female flowers within same fig. Male flowers: few, shortly pedicellate; calyx lobes (3 or)4, broadly ovate; stamen 1; filament rather long. Gall flowers: many; calyx lobes (3 or)4 or 5, narrowly spatulate; ovary ovoid, smooth; style ± lateral, short. Female flowers: sessile; calyx lobes 3, shortly spatulate; style ± lateral, short; stigma enlarged. Achenes ovoid-reniform, shorter than persistent style. Fl. Aug-Nov.
Large banyan (sometimes lithothytic scrambler), glabrous; adventitious roots few to none; branches somewhat weeping. Leaves subdistichous; lamina elliptic to ovate or lanceolate to oblanceolate, rarely oblong, 3–12.5 cm long, 1.5–6 cm wide, cuneate to rounded (or occasionally cordate) at base, entire margin, acute to acuminate at apex, coriaceous; lateral veins 6–13 pairs (15–20 pairs, fide Dixon 2011: 8); petiole 4–18 mm long, 1–2 mm wide; stipules 0.8–2 cm long, smooth. Figs axillary, usually sessile, ellipsoidal, ovoid, obovoid or rarely subglobose, 8–12 mm diam., ripening dark red (pink, red, purple or black, fide Cooper & Cooper 2004: 322); pedicel if present thick; ostiole enclosed by 3 flat apical bracts in a disc 2 mm diam., often with a rim; basal bracts 2 or 3, to 1.5 mm long, concealed beneath fig-body. Male flowers abundant, pedicellate; tepals 3. Female flowers sessile; tepals free, 3 or 4. Gall flowers pedicellate; tepals 3 or 4.
A fig. It is an evergreen tree. It grows to 12-30 m high and spreads to 4-15 m across. The stem is erect and slender. It has irregular flanges along it. The trunk can be 30-50 cm across. The branches can hang over and the leaves hang down. The plant can produce aerial roots from the largest branches. The bark is smooth and pale grey. The leaves are simple, green and glossy. They are darker on top. The are leathery and oval and taper towards the tip. Leaves are 5-13 cm long and 2-4.5 cm wide. The leaf stalk is 1 cm long. The flowers are very small. There are separate male and female flowers enclosed in a receptacle or fig. The fruit are dark red and small round figs. They are 1 cm across. They are produced in pairs. Some varieties occur based on the size of the figs.
Trees , evergreen, to 10 m. Roots adventitious, occasionally hanging. Bark gray, smooth. Branchlets brown, glabrous. Leaves: stipules 0.8-1.2 cm; petiole 0.5-2(-3) cm. Leaf blade oblong, elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate, 4-6(-11) × 1.5-6 cm, nearly leathery, base rounded or cuneate, margins entire, apex acuminate or cuspidate; surfaces abaxially and adaxially glabrous; basal veins 1(-2) pairs, short; lateral veins (6-)12(-14) pairs, regularly spaced, uniform; secondary veins prominent. Syconia solitary or paired, sessile or subsessile, orange, yellow, or dark red, nearly globose, 8-12 × 7-10 mm, glabrous; subtending bracts 2-3, crescent-shaped, 0.5-1.5 mm, glabrous; ostiole closed by 3 small, flat, apical bracts 1.5-2 mm wide, umbonate.
Tree. Blade narrowly elliptic to ovate, up to 12 x 6 cm, apex acuminate, base acute to rounded; secondary vein pairs 6-16. Figs sessile, 0.6-1.2 cm in diam., becoming yellow, orange or red.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support hemiepiphyte
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.0 - 2.5
Mature height (meter) 11.0 - 15.0
Root system adventitious-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It can grow in subtropical and warm temperate regions. It does best in rich, moist soil. It needs a protected sunny position. It is damaged by drought and frost. It can survive light frost. They need a minimum temperature above 15°C. It grows naturally in moist coastal monsoon vine forests. In China it grows in mixed forests between 500-600 m altitude in S China. It requires humidity and light. It grows below 700 m altitude in Vietnam. It grows on the edge of secondary forest. In XTBG Yunnan. It suits hardiness zones 10-12. Hobart Botanical Gardens.
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Mixed forests near villages at elevations from 400-800 metres in southern China. Primary forests at low and medium elevations in the Philippines. Mostly along rivers and streams with sandy to limestone soils.
Grows in monsoon forest and drier, more seasonal rainforest (Zich et al. 2020); rainforests and occasionally recorded as a lithophyte in sandstone gorges (Dixon 2011: 8).
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 3-4
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

Planted as a large spreading shade tree in parks and gardens. Widely cultivated as an indoor ornamental.
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The fruit are eaten.
Uses animal food environmental use fiber food fuel invertebrate food material medicinal ornamental poison rubber shade social use wood
Edible fruits leaves
Therapeutic use Diuretics (aerial part), Anti-infective agents (bark), Bronchitis (bark), Contusions (bark), Headache (bark), Liver diseases (bark), Wounds and injuries (bark), Analgesics (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Corneal diseases (leaf), Scabies (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Wounds and injuries (leaf), Skin diseases (plant exudate), Vitiligo (plant exudate), Contusions (root), Wounds and injuries (root), Hemagglutination (seed), Cough (shoot), Dysentery (shoot), Medicine (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown by cuttings, suckering or layering. Plants can be grown from seed,
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 15 - 90
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 26
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) 1
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Ficus benjamina habit picture by Lisa Ani (cc-by-sa)
Ficus benjamina habit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Ficus benjamina habit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Ficus benjamina leaf picture by Rhonda Reagin-Rosenbeck (cc-by-sa)
Ficus benjamina leaf picture by edward (cc-by-sa)
Ficus benjamina leaf picture by Tim Dehm (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Ficus benjamina fruit picture by Lisa Ani (cc-by-sa)
Ficus benjamina fruit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Ficus benjamina fruit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Ficus benjamina world distribution map, present in Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Benin, Bangladesh, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Barbados, Bhutan, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Grenada, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Saint Lucia, Sri Lanka, Mexico, Myanmar, Montserrat, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Nepal, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Ficus benjamina threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:852486-1
WFO ID wfo-0000687511
COL ID 6HVXP
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 445805
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Urostigma nitidum Urostigma nitidum Urostigma neglectum Ficus dictyophylla Ficus haematocarpa Ficus parvifolia Ficus pyrifolia Ficus striata Ficus comosa Ficus cuspidato-caudata Ficus lucida Ficus notobor Ficus nuda Ficus pendula Ficus reclinata Ficus umbrina Ficus xavieri Urostigma benjaminum Ficus nitida Urostigma haematocarpum Ficus nepalensis Ficus papyrifera Ficus retusa f. nitida Ficus benjamina var. bracteata Ficus benjamina subsp. comosa Ficus benjamina var. haematocarpa Ficus benjamina var. nuda Ficus retusa var. nitida Urostigma nudum Ficus benjamina var. comosa Ficus benjamina f. warringiana Ficus benjamina var. comosa Ficus benjamina var. bracteata Ficus benjamina var. benjamina Urostigma benjaminum var. nudum Ficus neglecta Ficus benjamina