Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.

Rubber bush (en), Gommier (fr), Figuier à caoutchouc (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Moraceae > Ficus

Characteristics

Tree up to 30 m tall, terrestrial or hemi-epiphytic. Leafy twigs 3-5 mm thick, angular, glabrous or (minutely) white puberulous. Leaves spirally arranged; lamina elliptic to oblong, (6-)10-20(-40) by (2.5-)5-10(-22) cm, coriaceous, apex (short-)acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse (to rounded); upper glabrous, lower surface glabrous; cystoliths on both sides; lateral veins (10-)15-22 pairs, the basal lateral veins not or hardly distinct, tertiary venation parallel to the lateral veins; waxy gland at the base of the midrib (often faint); petiole 2.5-5(-10) cm long, glabrous; stipules (1.5-)6-25 cm long, glabrous or white puberulous, caducous. Figs axillary or just below the leaves, in pairs (or solitary), initially enclosed by up to 2.5 cm long calyptrate bud covers; peduncle 0.2-0.5(-0.8) mm long, the apex dilated; basal bracts 3, c. 3 mm long, cucullate, early caducous; receptacle ellipsoid to cylindrical, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. when dry, glabrous, yellow at maturity, apex slightly umbonate, ostiole circular with 3 bracts covering the entrance; inner layer of the wall thin.
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Trees, 20-30 m tall, d.b.h. 25-40 cm, epiphytic when young. Bark pale gray, smooth. Branchlets strong. Stipules dark red, ca. 10 cm, membranous; scar conspicuous. Petiole robust, 2-5 cm; leaf blade oblong to elliptic, 8-30 × 7-10 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially pale green, adaxially dark green and shiny, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acute; secondary veins many, closely parallel, inconspicuous. Figs axillary on leafless branchlets, paired, yellowish green, ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 10 × 5-8 mm, subsessile; involucral bracts hoodlike, caducous, scar conspicuous. Male, gall, and female flowers within same fig. Male flowers: scattered among other flowers, pedicellate; calyx lobes 4, ovate; stamen 1; filament absent; anther ovoid-ellipsoid. Gall flowers: sepals 4; ovary ovoid, smooth; style subapical, curved. Female flowers: sessile; style persistent, long; stigma enlarged, ± capitate. Achenes ovoid, tuberculate. Fl. winter.
A fig. It is an evergreen tree. It grows to 30-60 m high and spreads to 10-60 m across. The trunk can be 25-40 cm across. The stem is erect and stout. It can have buttresses. The bark is pale grey and smooth. It can grow on other plants when young. The tree has a rounded crown. It produces aerial roots which hang down and later become prop roots. It also has an aggressive root system. The leafy growth at the base of a leaf is red and 10 cm long. It leaves an easy to see scar. The leaves are green and glossy. Often new leaves have a red flush. They are oblong and 30-45 cm long. They are leathery and have prominent veins. On fruiting branches of mature trees the leaves are smaller. The fruit are greenish-yellow figs. These are 1 cm long and grow from the axils where leaves fall. Often they occur in pairs.
Trees , evergreen, to 12 m, epiphytic when young. Roots aerial, abundant. Bark gray, smooth or slightly roughened. Branchlets greenish brown, glabrous. Leaves: stipules 3-10 cm; petiole 2.5-10 cm. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic to obovate, 9-30 × 5-12 cm, leathery, base rounded, margins entire, apex abruptly short-acuminate or apiculate; surfaces abaxially and adaxially glabrous; basal veins 1(-2) pairs; lateral veins 10 or more, parallel; secondary veins inconspicuous. Syconia paired, sessile, greenish yellow, oblong-ovoid, ca. 2 × ca. 1.5 cm, glabrous; subtending bracts caducous, leaving annual scar, entirely enclosing young syconia, glabrous; ostiole closed by 3 apical bracts, umbonate.
Tree. Blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic, up to 30 x 12 cm, apex short-acuminate, base rounded; secondary veins 15-25 pairs. Figs sessile, oblongoid, ca. 1 cm in diam., becoming greenish-yellow.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing hemiepiphyte
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.0 - 1.5
Mature height (meter) 25.0 - 30.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It does best in rich, moist soil. It suits a protected sunny position. It is damaged by drought and frost. It is salt tolerant. They need a temperature above 15°C. It grows up to 1,200 m altitude in NE India. In China it grows in Yunnan. It suits hardiness zones 11-12.
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Hill forest, particularly on cliffs and limestone hills.
Light 5-8
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The very young leaves are eaten before they expand.
Uses afforestation environmental use fiber food fuel gene source invertebrate food material medicinal oil ornamental rubber social use wood
Edible fruits leaves
Therapeutic use Diuretics (aerial part), Antiviral agents (bark), Antifungal agents (leaf), Antifungal agents (plant exudate), Antinematodal agents (shoot), Anti-inflammatory agents (unspecified)
Human toxicity weak toxic (leaf)
Animal toxicity weak toxic (leaf)

Cultivation

Plants are grown from cuttings of young shoots. They can also be grown by aerial layering. Plants can also be grown from seed.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 15 - 90
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 26
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) 1
Optimum temperature (C°) 20 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Ficus elastica habit picture by patrick parnaud (cc-by-sa)
Ficus elastica habit picture by firmagalera (cc-by-sa)
Ficus elastica habit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Ficus elastica leaf picture by Eli Bou (cc-by-sa)
Ficus elastica leaf picture by pratiwir pratiwir (cc-by-sa)
Ficus elastica leaf picture by Radagast The Brown (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Ficus elastica flower picture by serge elissalde (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Ficus elastica fruit picture by Calero Ana (cc-by-sa)
Ficus elastica fruit picture by AJ G (cc-by-sa)
Ficus elastica fruit picture by gonzalez (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Ficus elastica world distribution map, present in Anguilla, Benin, Bangladesh, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Barbados, Bhutan, China, Cameroon, Cook Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Guinea, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Guatemala, Guam, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Japan, Cambodia, Korea (Republic of), Lao People's Democratic Republic, Saint Lucia, Sri Lanka, Mexico, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Mozambique, Montserrat, Mauritius, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Pitcairn, Peru, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Portugal, Réunion, Singapore, El Salvador, Sao Tome and Principe, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Ficus elastica threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60458499-2
WFO ID wfo-0000688216
COL ID 6HXJH
BDTFX ID 118589
INPN ID 717202
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Urostigma karet Urostigma odoratum Urostigma circumscissum Ficus skytinodermis Ficus taeda Macrophthalma elastica Urostigma elasticum Visiania elastica Stilpnophyllum elasticum Ficus cordata Ficus elastica var. odorata Ficus elastica var. benghalensis Ficus elastica var. decora Ficus elastica var. karet Ficus elastica var. minor Ficus elastica var. rubra Ficus clusiifolia Ficus elastica var. belgica Ficus elastica