Ficus microcarpa L.F.

Chinese banyan (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Moraceae > Ficus

Characteristics

Tree up to 30 m tall or shrub, hemi-epiphytic or (secondarily?) terrestrial, with copious aerial roots on the branches. Branches drying brown. Leafy twigs 2-3 mm thick, ± angular, glabrous or (very) minutely white puberulous; periderm mostly flaking off. Leaves spirally arranged; lamina oblong to elliptic to subobovate or to suborbicular, 2-10(-14) by 1-5(-8) cm, coriaceous, apex short-acuminate (with the acumen usually obtuse) to subacute to obtuse or to rounded, base cuneate to obtuse or to rounded (to subcordate), margin flat or ± revolute towards the base, mostly ± callose towards the base; both surfaces glabrous; midrib flat to slightly prominent or (at least the lower part) ± impressed above, lateral veins (3-)4-8(-10) pairs, the basal pair distinct, up to (1/5-)1/4-1/3(-1/2) the length of the lamina, unbranched, straight (or in broadly elliptic to suborbicular laminas curved), tertiary largely parallel to the lateral veins, basal and other lateral veins and the tertiary venation running in the same direction and departing in acute angles from the midrib, but in broadly elliptic to suborbicular laminas, the basal lateral veins running in a direction ± different from the other venation and the angles of departure broader; waxy gland at the base of the midrib; petiole 0.5-1(-3) cm long, 1-1.5 mm thick, glabrous, drying blackish to brown; stipules 0.5-1(-1.5) cm long, often ± involute when dry, glabrous (or minutely white puberulous), caducous. Figs axillary, paired (or solitary), sessile or up to 0.5 cm long pedunculate; basal bracts 3, 2-3 mm long, (sub)equal, glabrous (or minutely white puberulous), persistent or caducous; receptacle subglobose, 0.5-0.8(-1) cm diam. when dry, glabrous, pink to dark purple at maturity, apex slightly convex to flat, ostiole 1.5-2 mm diam., (almost) flat, open or closed, the 3 upper ostiolar bracts (just) not fully or just fully imbricate, on a low rim; wall smooth; internal hairs present, white, abundant to sparse or absent. Tepals red but towards the margins white or entirely whitish (or reddish). Ovary partly (or entirely) red.
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Large banyan or straggler to 25 (–35) m high with copious aerial roots (often forming prop roots), often with flying buttresses, often originally epiphytic, or creeping shrub on exposed rocks, monoecious, exudate white. Leaves usually alternate; lamina narrowly to broadly elliptic to narrowly to broadly obovate or oblong-obovate, 2.5–12 cm long, 1.5–9 cm wide, narrowly to widely cuneate to rounded, often asymmetric at base, entire margin, obtuse or ± acute to shortly and bluntly acuminate at apex, usually glabrous; lateral veins 5–9 pairs, usually at an acute angle to midrib, rarely prominent (venation ± prominent beneath in former var. latifolia); petiole 2–20 mm long, channelled above, often puberulous, in former var. hillii somewhat articulated; stipules to 1.5 cm long, the margin puberulous. Figs paired, sessile, usually somewhat globose or depressed pyriform, 7–12 mm diam., cream, yellow, orange, pink or red, often ripening purple to black, internal bristles absent or few to many; ostiole enclosed by 2 or 3 flat apical bracts forming a disc 2–2.5 mm diam.; basal bracts 1.5–3 mm long and wide, puberulous. Flowers with 3 tepals; male and female sessile; gall flowers pedicellate.
Trees, 15-25 m tall, crown wide, d.b.h. to 50 cm. Bark dark gray. Branches producing rust-colored aerial roots when old. Stipules lanceolate, ca. 0.8 cm. Petiole 5-10 mm, glabrous; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 4-8 × 3-4 cm, ± leathery, adaxially dark green and shiny but dark brown when dry, base cuneate, margin entire, apex ± obtuse; basal lateral veins long, secondary veins 3-10 on each side of midvein. Figs axillary on leafy branchlets or on leafless older branchlets, paired, yellow to slightly red when mature, depressed globose, 6-8 mm in diam., inside with a few short bristles among flowers, sessile; involucral bracts broadly ovate, persistent. Male, gall, and female flowers within same fig. Male flowers: scattered, sessile or pedicellate; filament as long as anther. Gall and female flowers: sepals 3, broadly ovate; style ± lateral; stigma short, clavate. Achenes ovoid. Fl. May-Jun.
A fig. It is an evergreen tree. It grows 15-25 m tall and spreads to 5 m across. The trunk can be 50 cm wide. The stem is erect and has buttresses. There are aerial roots. The bark is light grey and smooth. The branches are low and it has an open crown. It has a curtain of strangling roots. The leaves are dark green and shiny above and light green underneath. They are oval and pointed. They are 6-12 cm long by 2-7 cm wide. The leaf stalks are 0.5-1.5 cm long. The figs are rosy red or purple and round. They are produced singly or in pairs and are 1.2 cm across. They do not have fruit stalks. The fruit are edible. This plant varies considerably and 3 different varieties are known.
Trees , evergreen, to 30 m. Roots aerial, abundant, sometimes developing pillar-roots. Bark gray. Branchlets brown, glabrous. Leaves: stipules 0.7-0.9 cm; petiole 0.5-1 cm. Leaf blade elliptic, obovate to ovate, 3-11 × 1.5-6 cm, thinly leathery, base obtuse to cuneate, margins entire, apex nearly acute to acuminate; surfaces abaxially and adaxially glabrous; basal veins 1(-2) pairs; lateral veins 5-9 pairs, uniformly spaced. Syconia paired, sessile, purple or black, obovoid, pyriform, or nearly globose, 9-11 × 5-6 mm; subtending bracts ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-3.5 mm, apex obtuse to subacute; ostiole closed by 3 flat, apical bracts 2-2.5 mm wide, umbonate.
Tree. Blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic to obovate, up to 11 x 6 cm, apex shortly and faintly acuminate, base acute; secondary veins 4-10 pairs. Figs sessile, ca. 0.5-1 cm in diam., becoming bluish-black.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing hemiepiphyte
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.5
Mature height (meter) 15.0 - 25.0
Root system creeping-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It grows in tropical and subtropical climates. It grows in light to medium soils. It does best in an open sunny position. It is drought resistant but damaged by frost. They need a temperature above 13°C. It is often in coastal rainforests. It suits humid locations. It suits hardiness zones 10-12. In XTBG Yunnan.
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Rainforest, drier and seasonal rainforest, littoral rainforest, strand/beach forest, riverine forest. On Christmas Island, common in primary forest on the Plateau, or against rocks in exposed situations.
Grows in widely varying locations, from rocky sea coasts to limestone hills, and from swampy ground near the sea to montane forest.
Light 5-7
Soil humidity 2-7
Soil texture -
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

This species resembles Ficus benjamina and is sometimes cultivated as a decorative street tree or in pots, tubs and for bonsai. Ficus microcarpa features on a Christmas Island 85c postage stamp as part of a Christmas Island trees stamp set issued in 1991.
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The fruit are eaten.
Uses animal food environmental use fiber fodder food fuel invertebrate food material medicinal ornamental poison social use wood
Edible fruits
Therapeutic use Appetite stimulants (bark), Contusions (bark), Dermatologic agents (bark), Diabetes mellitus (bark), Diarrhea (bark), Dysentery (bark), Edema (bark), Erysipelas (bark), Flatulence (bark), Headache (bark), Hemoptysis (bark), Hemorrhage (bark), Leukorrhea (bark), Liver diseases (bark), Mental disorders (bark), Pain (bark), Stomatitis (bark), Thirst (bark), Ulcer (bark), Vaginal diseases (bark), Wounds and injuries (bark), Increase physical endurance, strength and stamina (fruit), Toothache (fruit), Appetite stimulants (leaf), Arthralgia (leaf), Contusions (leaf), Diabetes mellitus (leaf), Diarrhea (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Edema (leaf), Erysipelas (leaf), Flatulence (leaf), Fractures, bone (leaf), Headache (leaf), Hemoptysis (leaf), Hemorrhage (leaf), Leukorrhea (leaf), Liver diseases (leaf), Mental disorders (leaf), Pain (leaf), Pharyngitis (leaf), Stomatitis (leaf), Thirst (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Vaginal diseases (leaf), Wounds and injuries (leaf), Dental caries (plant exudate), Periodontitis (plant exudate), Rheumatoid arthritis (plant exudate), Contusions (root), Dental caries (root), Periodontitis (root), Toothache (root), Wounds and injuries (root), Arthralgia (stem), Fractures, bone (stem), Astringents (unspecified), Cardiovascular diseases (unspecified), Contusions (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Hematologic diseases (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Leukorrhea (unspecified), Liver diseases (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Scabies (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Vaginal diseases (unspecified), Vomiting (unspecified), Wound healing (unspecified), Wounds and injuries (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown by tip cuttings. They can also be grown from seed or by aerial layering.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 15 - 90
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 26
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Ficus microcarpa habit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Ficus microcarpa habit picture by Ofe Ilu Odde (cc-by-sa)
Ficus microcarpa habit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Ficus microcarpa leaf picture by Pierre Vacogne (cc-by-sa)
Ficus microcarpa leaf picture by AJ G (cc-by-sa)
Ficus microcarpa leaf picture by arlas (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Ficus microcarpa flower picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Ficus microcarpa flower picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Ficus microcarpa flower picture by iannizzotto michele (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Ficus microcarpa fruit picture by AJ G (cc-by-sa)
Ficus microcarpa fruit picture by AJ G (cc-by-sa)
Ficus microcarpa fruit picture by Mario Conidi (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Ficus microcarpa world distribution map, present in Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bangladesh, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Barbados, Bhutan, China, Congo (Democratic Republic of the), Cook Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Spain, Micronesia (Federated States of), Guam, Guyana, Hong Kong, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, India, Iceland, Japan, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libya, Saint Lucia, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Mexico, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Montserrat, Mauritius, Nicaragua, Nepal, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Singapore, Solomon Islands, El Salvador, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, Uruguay, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Virgin Islands (U.S.), and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Ficus microcarpa threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:853217-1
WFO ID wfo-0000689298
COL ID 6HWT2
BDTFX ID 168323
INPN ID 446713
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Ficus retusa f. parvifolia Urostigma littorale Urostigma pisiferum Ficus amblyphylla Ficus cairnsii Ficus dictyophleba Ficus dilatata Ficus dyctiophleba Ficus condaravia Ficus dahlii Ficus littoralis Ficus microcarpa Ficus naumannii Ficus regnans Ficus retusiformis Ficus rubra Ficus thynneana Urostigma microcarpum Urostigma amblyphyllum Ficus dictyophleba Ficus microcarpa var. crassifolia Ficus microcarpa var. fuyuensis Ficus microcarpa var. latifolia Ficus microcarpa var. naumannii Ficus microcarpa var. nitida Ficus microcarpa var. oluangpiensis Ficus microcarpa var. pusillifolia Ficus retusa var. crassifolia Ficus retusa var. nitida Ficus retusa var. pisifera Ficus thynneana var. minor Urostigma accedens var. latifolia Ficus microcarpa f. pubescens Ficus retusa f. pubescens

Lower taxons

Ficus microcarpa var. hillii Ficus microcarpa var. saffordii