Ficus thonningii Blume

Species

Angiosperms > Rosales > Moraceae > Ficus

Characteristics

Tree up to 15(–30) m. tall or a shrub, terrestrial or hemi-epiphytic.. Leafy twigs 1.5–7 mm. thick, minutely puberulous to hirtellous or white to brown pubescent, at least on the scars of the stipules or sometimes entirely glabrous, periderm usually not flaking off.. Leaves in spirals, occasionally subopposite; lamina ± coriaceous, elliptic to lanceolate, oblanceolate, obovate or subovate, (1.5–)3–12(–18) × (1–)1.5–6(–7) cm., apex acuminate to obtuse or rounded, base subacute to rounded or subcordate, margin entire; upper surface glabrous or sparsely (on the midrib to rather densely) puberulous to pubescent, lower surface glabrous or sparsely to densely white (to brownish) puberulous to pubescent on the whole surface, the main veins or only the midrib; lateral veins (5–)7–12(–16) pairs, midrib often reaching the apex of the lamina (even in leaves with a rounded apex); tertiary venation reticulate or parallel to the lateral veins; petiole (0.5–)1–4(–6) cm. long, 1–2 mm. thick, often (not depending on the size of the lamina or the position of the leaf on the twig) variable in length on the same twig, glabrous or puberulous, hirtellous or pubescent; stipules 0.3–1(–1.5) cm. long, white to brown pubescent, puberulous or only ciliolate, caducous or subpersistent.. Figs in pairs in the leaf-axils or sometimes also below the leaves, sessile or on peduncles up to 1 cm. long; basal bracts 2–4 mm. long, persistent.. Receptacle globose to ellipsoid, 0.5–1.5(–2) cm. in diameter when fresh, 0.4–1.2(–1.7) cm. when dry, glabrous or sparsely to densely white to brown puberulous or pubescent, reddish, yellowish or brownish at maturity; wall thin, mostly smooth or slightly wrinkled when dry; apex plane to strongly protruding when dry.. Fig. 21, p.74.
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Ramulis junioribus sparse pilosis mox glabris, in sicco anguloso-sulcatis; petiolis longissimis tenuibus glabris, apice vix incrassato-articulatis, foliis membranaceis oblongo-obovatis apice apiculatis basi sensim cuneatim attenuatis, utrinque in sicco laete viridibus, costa subtus prominente, venis utrinque c. 9 patulis vix curvatis subtus prominentibus supra vix distinctis ad marginem commissura subarcuate conjunctis; nervis tertiariis subtus prominulis reticulatis. Receptaculis pisiformibus sessilibus glabris luteis in sicco vix distincter albido-maculatis bracteis minimis appressis velutinis, ostiolo subimpresso. Die Rinde der jungen Zweige ist hellrötlichbraun mit etwas seidigem Glanze. Die Blattstiele sind 4-5 cm lang, 2/3 mm breit, am oberen Gelenk auf der Rückseite mit einem glänzenden Drüsenfleck. Das Blatt ist 7-9 cm lang, 3-4 cm breit, die grösste Breite liegt weit oberhalb der Mitte, in etwa 3/4 der Blatthöhe. Die Früchte sind 7 mm lang und 8 mm breit, die Bracteen haben zusammen 1-1 1/2 mm im Durchmesser, die Blütenhüllzipfel sind ziemlich stumpf.
Leaves spirally arranged, occasionally subopposite; lamina elliptic to oblanceolate or subobovate to subovate, (1.5)3–12(18) x (1)1.5–6(9) cm., subcoriaceous; apex acuminate to obtuse or rounded; base cuneate to rounded or subcordate, often slightly inaequilateral; margin entire; superior surface glabrous or sparsely puberulous to pubescent, the midrib more densely so, the inferior surface glabrous or sparsely to densely white-to brownish-puberulous or pubescent on the whole surface, the main veins or only the midrib; lateral veins (5)7–12(16) pairs, midrib often reaching the apex of the lamina (even in leaves with a rounded apex), tertiary venation reticulate or parallel to the lateral veins; petiole (0.5)1–4(6) cm. long, 1–2 mm. thick, often (not depending on the size of the lamina or the position of the leaf on the twig) variable in length on the same twig, glabrous or puberulous, hirtellous or pubescent; stipules 3–10(20) mm. long, white to brown pubescent, puberulous or only ciliolate, caducous or subpersistent.
A fig. It is a tree which can lose its leaves during the dry season of the year. It is often a strangler fig on oil palm. It grows up to 12-25 m high. It can grow in soil or attached to other plants. It can be a climber. It can have buttresses or have several stems. The crown is dark and rounded and spreading. The bark is smooth and grey. The leafy twigs are 2-8 mm thick. The leaves are arranged in spirals. The leaves vary. They are often oval. The leaves are 3-12 cm long by 2-6 cm wide. There are 7-12 pairs of side veins. The young leaves are pale and hairy underneath. The fig fruit are about 1 cm across. The fruit often occur in pairs in the axils of the leaves. They become purple-red when ripe.
Receptacle globose to ellipsoid, c. 5–10(12) mm. in diam. when fresh, 4–12(17) mm. in diam. when dry, glabrous or sparsely to densely white to brown puberulous or pubescent, reddish, yellowish or brownish at maturity; wall thin, mostly smooth or slightly wrinkled when dry; apex plane to strongly protruding when dry.
Leafy twigs 1.5–8 mm. thick, minutely puberulous to hirtellous or white-to brown-pubescent, or glabrous on the stipule scars, sometimes entirely glabrous, periderm usually not flaking off.
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m high. Leaves obovate, glabrous, petiolate. Figs shortly stalked, hairy, up to 10 mm in diameter, yellowish to greyish brown.
Figs in pairs in the leaf axils, sometimes also below the leaves, sessile or on peduncles up to 1 cm. long; basal bracts 2–4 mm. long, persistent.
Tree up to 15(30) m. tall, or a shrub, terrestrial or hemi-epiphytic.
Often planted as a shade tree.
A tree, to 60 ft. high
Numerous aerial roots
Dark green foliage
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing hemiepiphyte
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.5
Mature height (meter) 15.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows in wet and dry upland forest. It also grows in open grassland, woodland and swamp forest and along rivers. It can be on the edges of mangroves. It grows in the Sahel. It grows in areas with a 700-1800 mm rainfall. It grows in savannah forest often on stony hills in West Africa. It grows between 1,000-2,500 m altitude. It is drought tolerant. It can grow in arid places. It suits hardiness zones 7-9.
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The species is widely distributed in upland forest, open grassland, riverine and rocky areas and sometimes in savannah.
Light 5-7
Soil humidity 2-7
Soil texture -
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The fig fruit are eaten raw. They are also used for jams and jellies and for alcoholic drinks. The leaves are eaten raw in salads.
Uses animal food cloth environmental use fiber fibre fodder food fuel hedge latex material medicinal ornamental paper poison shade social use vertebrate poison wood
Edible fruits gums leaves
Therapeutic use Diarrhea (bark), Appetite stimulants (bark), Contusions (bark), Dermatologic agents (bark), Diabetes mellitus (bark), Dysentery (bark), Edema (bark), Erysipelas (bark), Flatulence (bark), Headache (bark), Hemoptysis (bark), Hemorrhage (bark), Leukorrhea (bark), Liver diseases (bark), Mental disorders (bark), Pain (bark), Stomatitis (bark), Thirst (bark), Ulcer (bark), Vaginal diseases (bark), Wounds and injuries (bark), Increase physical endurance, strength and stamina (fruit), Toothache (fruit), Appetite stimulants (leaf), Arthralgia (leaf), Contusions (leaf), Diabetes mellitus (leaf), Diarrhea (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Edema (leaf), Erysipelas (leaf), Flatulence (leaf), Fractures, bone (leaf), Headache (leaf), Hemoptysis (leaf), Hemorrhage (leaf), Leukorrhea (leaf), Liver diseases (leaf), Mental disorders (leaf), Pain (leaf), Pharyngitis (leaf), Stomatitis (leaf), Thirst (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Vaginal diseases (leaf), Wounds and injuries (leaf), Dental caries (plant exudate), Periodontitis (plant exudate), Rheumatoid arthritis (plant exudate), Contusions (root), Dental caries (root), Periodontitis (root), Toothache (root), Wounds and injuries (root), Arthralgia (stem), Fractures, bone (stem), Astringents (unspecified), Cardiovascular diseases (unspecified), Contusions (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Hematologic diseases (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Leukorrhea (unspecified), Liver diseases (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Scabies (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Vaginal diseases (unspecified), Vomiting (unspecified), Wound healing (unspecified), Wounds and injuries (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown from seed or from cuttings. The fruit are dried and the seeds removed. As well the fruit can be soaked in cold water for a day then turned inside out to remove the seeds. Cuttings 15 cm long by 1 cm wide are suitable. It can also be grown from large branches 2-3 m long by 10 cm wide.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 15 - 90
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 26
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 22 - 28
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Ficus thonningii leaf picture by Sparrow Brett (cc-by-sa)
Ficus thonningii leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Ficus thonningii fruit picture by Pieter Pieterse (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Ficus thonningii world distribution map, present in Angola, Burundi, Benin, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mozambique, Malawi, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sao Tome and Principe, eSwatini, Chad, Togo, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, United States of America, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Ficus thonningii threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:853830-1
WFO ID wfo-0000690599
COL ID 6HZL5
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Urostigma dekdekena Urostigma acrocarpum Urostigma schimperi Urostigma hochstetteri Urostigma burkei Urostigma thonningii Ficus annobonensis Ficus basarensis Ficus burkei Ficus butaguensis Ficus crassipedicellata Ficus dissocarpa Ficus dusenii Ficus goetzei Ficus phillipsii Ficus rokko Ficus spragueana Ficus tropophyton Ficus bequaertii Ficus bongoensis Ficus chlamydodora Ficus cyphocarpa Ficus erici-rosenii Ficus eriocarpa Ficus hochstetteri Ficus iteophylla Ficus mammigera Ficus medullaris Ficus microcarpa Ficus neriifolia Ficus neurocarpa Ficus persicifolia Ficus pubicosta Ficus rhodesiaca Ficus ruficeps Ficus schimperi Ficus acrocarpa Ficus galpinii Ficus kagerensis Ficus mabifolia Ficus petersii Ficus psilopoga Ficus rupicola Ficus crassipedicellata var. cuneata Ficus hochstetteri var. glabior Ficus schimperi var. hochstetteri Ficus cognata Ficus dinteri Ficus schinziana Ficus crassipedicellata f. angustifolia Ficus crassipedicellata f. boonei Ficus dekdekena Ficus thonningii