Holarrhena pubescens Wall. & G.Don

Jasmine tree (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Gentianales > Apocynaceae > Holarrhena

Characteristics

Shrub or small tree up to 4 m high, said to reach a height of 8 m in tropical Africa; sap milky, bark rough and corky; young branches more or less pubescent or tomentose, later glabrescent, dotted with lenticels. Leaves opposite or subopposite on shoots bearing inflorescences, thin-textured, broadly elliptic to oblong, rarely ovate or roundish, rounded to obtuse at the base, apex rounded, usually abruptly and shortly acute to acuminate, 7-14 cm long and 4-7 cm broad, sparingly to densely pubescent on both surfaces, often glabrescent, rarely glabrous or with scattered hairs on the nerves; nerves 8-12 on each side, widely spreading; petioles 4-8 mm long, channelled above with a few glands at the base of the petiole on the inner surface. Stipules 0. Inflorescence usually sub-axillary or leaf-opposed, corymbose, dense, often tomentose, rarely glabrous; peduncle 1-1.5 cm; bracts linear 4-6 mm long. Flowers white, fragrant; pedicels 5-9 mm long. Calyx of 5 free sepals, eglandular within; sepals linear-subulate, 4-6 mm long, pubescent. Corolla salver-shaped; tube cylindric, slender, usually puberulous, slightly wider near the base and apex, 1.2-1.5 cm long, densely pubescent within; lobes oblong, slightly shorter than the tube, 1.1-1.4 cm long. Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the tube; anthers oblong-lanceolate, apiculate, 1-5 mm long; filaments minute, 0-5 mm long. Disc 0. Ovary of 2 free carpels, glabrous; style columnar, slightly compressed, broader towards the apex, 1-1.5 mm long; stigma slightly thickened, broader at the base, blunt at the apex. Fruit of 2 mericarps, pendulous, scarcely spreading; mericarps follicular, slender, more or less constricted between the seeds, thinly coriaceous, 20-28 cm long and 2.5-3.5 mm in diameter, surface smooth. Seeds numerous, linear to linear-oblong, striated, 9-11 mm long with a dense tuft of hairs 2.5-3.5 cm long at the apex, grooved; cotyledons broad, complicate; radicle short, straight, 2-3 mm long; endosperm very scanty.
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Shrub or tree to 15 m. Branchlets pubescent or occasionally glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2-4 mm; blade papery when dry, elliptic, 4.5-27 by 2.4-11.5 cm, 1.2-3.8 times as long as wide, apex acuminate or acute, rarely obtuse or rounded, young leaves may be emarginate, base mostly cuneate, rarely obtuse, pubescent on both surfaces to glabrous, 7-20 pairs of secondary veins, tertiary venation scalariform and reticulate. Inflorescence appearing as an axillary cyme, rarely terminal, 3.8-9 cm long, lax, pubescent; bracts mostly deciduous, 1-4 mm long. Sepals ovate to linear, 1.8-4.2 by 0.8-1.3 mm, 1.5-4 times as long as wide, pubescent outside, pubescent or glabrous inside; colleters few or absent inside. Flowers fragrant. Corolla tube 8-14 by 1.6-1.7 mm, 0.6-1.2 times as long as lobes, 2.6-6.4 times as long as calyx; lobes 9-21 by 4-7 mm, 2.3-4.2 times as long as wide, obovate to elliptic, apex rounded. Stamens inserted at 2-2.3 mm from corolla base; filaments pubescent at base, 0.3-0.8 mm long; anthers 1.5-1.7 by 0.4-0.6 mm. Ovaries 0.6-1.2 mm long; style and style head 1.8-2.5 mm long. Fruit pendulous, 18-43 cm by 3-7 mm. Seeds glabrous, 13-17 by 1.3-3 mm, coma 23-50 mm long.
Shrub or tree 0.6–18 m high, deciduous; trunk 12–25 cm in diameter; bark smooth, lenticellate or rough and corky, pale to dark grey; wood soft; branchlets pubescent, rarely glabrous.. Leaves petiolate; blade ovate to elliptic, 1.7–23 cm long, 1.3–11.5 cm wide, acuminate or acute at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, pubescent to glabrous; petiole 2–12 mm long, often pubescent.. Inflorescences seemingly axillary or leaf-opposed, sometimes terminal, mostly pubescent; bracts 1.5–4.5 mm long; peduncle 0.9–1.7 cm long; pedicels 0.3–3 cm long.. Flowers with sepals elliptic to linear, 2–12 mm long; corolla tube white, 9–19 mm long, outside with ordinary and glandular hairs, rarely glabrous; lobes white, narrowly triangular, 10–24(–30) mm long, 3–8 mm wide, pubescent and ciliate or glabrous; stamens inserted at 1.5–2.5 mm from the base of the tube; pistil 1.8–3.1 mm long; style 0.3–1.2 mm long.. Fruits pale grey to dark brown, dotted with white, 20–38 cm long, 2–9 mm in diameter; seeds 9–16 mm long; tufts of hairs 25–45 mm long.. Fig. 31 (p. 91).
Shrubs or trees to 10 m tall. Trunk to 20 cm in diam.; branchlets with whitish, dotlike lenticels. Petiole 1-5 mm, grooved, glandular inside groove; leaf blade ovate or elliptic, 10-24 X 4-11.5 cm, membranous, pubescent, sometimes densely so abaxially, base rounded, apex acute or obtuse; lateral veins 10-15 pairs. Cymes 5-8 cm; peduncle 1-2 cm. Pedicel 0.3-3 cm. Sepals elliptic to linear, 2-12 mm. Corolla white, pubescent, tube 0.9-1.9 cm; lobes oblong, 1-3 cm. Anthers included, narrowly ovate, base rounded. Follicles linear, 20-43 X 0.5-1.5 cm, with whitish, dotlike lenticels. Seeds 0.9-1.6 cm, coma 2.5-4.5 cm. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. Jun-Dec. 2n = 22.
A small tree or tall shrub. It loses its leaves. It grows 10 m tall. The bark is rough and pale grey and cracked. It peels off in irregular flakes. The leaves are thin and opposite. They are pale green and broadly oval. They are wedge shaped at the base. The flowers are white or cream. They are 3-4 cm across. They are in loose clusters. They are at the ends of twigs. The fruit are a pair of follicles that are curved and slender. They are 20-48 cm long and 6-8 mm thick. It opens to reveal many seeds.
Leaves very variable in shape and size; petiole pubescent or less often glabrous, 0·2–12 mm. long; lamina ovate to elliptic or narrowly so, 1·7–19·5 x 1·3–11·2 cm., acuminate or acute at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, pubescent to glabrous on either side: if hairy usually more so beneath; lamina of the leaves of the first pair or the first two pairs of a branchlet often subcircular, rounded or obtuse at the apex and smaller; on each side of the midrib with 5–25 secondary veins.
Sepals (1)2–12 x 0·5–1·7 mm., elliptic to linear, pubescent outside, often only towards the apex, indumentum a mixture of eglandular and glandular hairs, less often entirely glabrous, inside pubescent with eglandular hairs all over or only at the apex and then the basal 0·5–3 mm. glabrous, or less often entirely glabrous, ciliate, with 0–10 colleters inside at the base.
Corolla 20–38 mm. long; tube white 9–19 mm. long, pubescent outside with eglandular and also some glandular hairs except for the basal 0·5–3 mm., sometimes entirely glabrous, inside pubescent from the throat to the insertion of the stamens; lobes white, narrowly triangular, 10–24(30) x 3–8 mm., recurved, pubescent and ciliate or glabrous.
Pistil 1·8–3·1 mm. long; ovary 0·7–1·2 x 0·5–1·0 mm. glabrous; style 0·3–1·2 x 0·2–0·3 mm., shortly pubescent at the apex or entirely glabrous; clavuncula 0-3-1-2 X 0·2–0·5 mm., shortly pubescent or less often glabrous; stigma 0·1–0·3 mm. long, shortly pubescent or glabrous.
Small tree or shrub, up to 4 m high. Young branches ± pubescent, later glabrescent; dotted with lenticels. Leaves sparingly to densely pubescent; petioles with a few glands at base on inner surface. Fruit of 2 mericarps, follicular, 200-280 mm long. Flowers white.
Shrub or tree, 0·60–18 m. high; trunk 12–25 cm. in diam.; bark smooth and more or less distinctly lenticellate or rough and corky, longitudinally fissured, pale to dark grey; inner bark pale buff, with green outer layer, wood soft.
Peduncle, branches and pedicels pubescent or less often glabrous; peduncle 0·9–1·7 cm. long; bracts linear, pubescent or less often glabrous on both sides.
Fruits pale grey to dark brown; carpels pendulous, 20–37·5 cm. long, 2–9 mm. in diam., outside sometimes many lenticels or white-dotted or-spotted.
Inflorescences usually apparently axillary or leaf-opposed, sometimes terminal, fairly lax.
Seeds 9–16 mm. long, with a dense, 25–45 mm. long tuft of hairs at the apex.
Branches lenticellate; branchlets pubescent or less often glabrous.
Anthers narrowly triangular, 0·8–1·8 mm. long.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 10.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

Montane forests at elevations of 500-1,000 metres. Dry evergreen to dry deciduous forest, scrub woodland, savannah, or in rocky localities, often near watercourses, at elevations up to 1,500 metres.
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It is a subtropical plant. It is native to India. It grows up to 1,100 m altitude in the Himalayas. In Yunnan.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture 5-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-12

Usage

UsesThe bark and oil from the seeds is used as a treatment for amoebic dysentery. A decoction of the bark or leaves can also be added to baths for the treatment of scabies. The leaves can be used for the treatment of bronchitis and on boils, ulcers and haemorrhoids. The wood can be used for the manufacture of all manner of small objects.
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The flowers are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. The young fruit are eaten as a vegetable. CAUTION: There is a poisonous alkaloid in the seeds.
Uses dye environmental use food fuel material medicinal oil poison timber wood
Edible flowers fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Abdominal pain (bark), Abortifacient agents (bark), Amenorrhea (bark), Anthelmintics (bark), Anti-arrhythmia agents (bark), Anti-bacterial agents (bark), Antimutagenic agents (bark), Antioxidants (bark), Antiparasitic agents (bark), Antiprotozoal agents (bark), Antipyretics (bark), Antirheumatic agents (bark), Aphrodisiacs (bark), Apnea (bark), Appetite stimulants (bark), Arthralgia (bark), Arthritis (bark), Asthma (bark), Astringents (bark), Bronchial diseases (bark), Bronchitis (bark), Chest pain (bark), Cholera (bark), Colic (bark), Colitis (bark), Common cold (bark), Constipation (bark), Cough (bark), Dental caries (bark), Diabetes mellitus (bark), Diarrhea (bark), Diuretics (bark), Dysentery (bark), Dysentery, amebic (bark), Dyspepsia (bark), Eczema (bark), Edema (bark), Erysipelas (bark), Exanthema (bark), Expectorants (bark), Fever (bark), Fissure in ano (bark), Flatulence (bark), Fractures, bone (bark), Gastroenteritis (bark), Gastrointestinal diseases (bark), Gout (bark), Headache (bark), Hemorrhage (bark), Hemorrhoids (bark), Hepatomegaly (bark), Hypotension (bark), Inflammation (bark), Intestinal diseases (bark), Irritable bowel syndrome (bark), Jaundice (bark), Kidney calculi (bark), Leprosy (bark), Liver diseases (bark), Malaria (bark), Menorrhagia (bark), Pain (bark), Pneumonia (bark), Anti-poisoning (bark), Postpartum hemorrhage (bark), Radiation-protective agents (bark), General tonic for rejuvenation (bark), Scabies (bark), Skin diseases (bark), Snake bites (bark), Splenic diseases (bark), Stomach diseases (bark), Stomach neoplasms (bark), Sunstroke (bark), Thirst (bark), Toothache (bark), Tylenchoidea (bark), Ulcer (bark), Urinary bladder calculi (bark), Urinary calculi (bark), Urination disorders (bark), Vaginal diseases (bark), Vomiting (bark), Wounds and injuries (bark), Antiperiodic (bark), Appetite stimulants (flower), Arthralgia (flower), Common cold (flower), Cough (flower), Dysentery (flower), Dyspepsia (flower), Fistula (flower), Hemorrhoids (flower), Polyuria (flower), Toothache (flower), Abdominal pain (fruit), Antineoplastic agents (fruit), Antiprotozoal agents (fruit), Arthralgia (fruit), Diarrhea (fruit), Dysentery (fruit), Fever (fruit), Hemorrhage (fruit), Hypoglycemic agents (fruit), Lactation (fruit), Vomiting (fruit), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Antirheumatic agents (leaf), Aphrodisiacs (leaf), Appetite stimulants (leaf), Arthralgia (leaf), Astringents (leaf), Bronchitis (leaf), Cough (leaf), Diabetes mellitus (leaf), Diarrhea (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Dyspepsia (leaf), Epistaxis (leaf), Exanthema (leaf), Fever (leaf), Flatulence (leaf), Fractures, bone (leaf), Furunculosis (leaf), Gastrointestinal diseases (leaf), Gout (leaf), Hemorrhage (leaf), Hemorrhoids (leaf), Insecticides (leaf), Menstrual cycle (leaf), Postpartum hemorrhage (leaf), Snake bites (leaf), Toothache (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Urinary bladder calculi (leaf), Urination disorders (leaf), Vitiligo (leaf), Vomiting (leaf), Antirheumatic agents (plant exudate), Edema (plant exudate), Headache (plant exudate), Skin diseases (plant exudate), Urticaria (plant exudate), Wounds and injuries (plant exudate), Abdominal pain (root), Abscess (root), Alcoholic intoxication (root), Anthelmintics (root), Antipyretics (root), Appetite stimulants (root), Asthma (root), Astringents (root), Bile acids and salts (root), Bronchitis (root), Cattle diseases (root), Common cold (root), Cough (root), Dental caries (root), Diabetes mellitus (root), Diarrhea (root), Dysentery (root), Dysentery, amebic (root), Eczema (root), Edema (root), Enterobius (root), Epistaxis (root), Exanthema (root), Fever (root), Filariasis (root), Furunculosis (root), Gastric acid (root), Gastrointestinal diseases (root), Gout (root), Hemorrhage (root), Hemorrhoids (root), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (root), Labor pain (root), Menstrual cycle (root), Nasal disease (root), Pain (root), Parasympatholytics (root), General tonic for rejuvenation (root), Snake bites (root), Spasm (root), Urination disorders (root), Vomiting (root), Wounds and injuries (root), Antiperiodic (root), Depurative (root), Abdominal pain (seed), Amenorrhea (seed), Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (seed), Anthelmintics (seed), Anti-bacterial agents (seed), Antifungal agents (seed), Antipyretics (seed), Antirheumatic agents (seed), Aphrodisiacs (seed), Appetite stimulants (seed), Asthma (seed), Astringents (seed), Bites and stings (seed), Bronchial diseases (seed), Bronchitis (seed), Chest pain (seed), Colic (seed), Constipation (seed), Dental caries (seed), Diabetes mellitus (seed), Diarrhea (seed), Digestive system diseases (seed), Dysentery (seed), Dysentery, amebic (seed), Dyspepsia (seed), Edema (seed), Expectorants (seed), Fever (seed), Flatulence (seed), Gastrointestinal diseases (seed), Gastrointestinal tract (seed), Hemorrhage (seed), Hemorrhoids (seed), Hepatomegaly (seed), Immunomodulation (seed), Inflammation (seed), Insecticides (seed), Intestinal diseases (seed), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (seed), Jaundice (seed), Kidney calculi (seed), Leprosy (seed), Liver diseases (seed), Malaria (seed), Menstruation disturbances (seed), Pain (seed), Pneumonia (seed), Psoriasis (seed), Scabies (seed), Skin diseases (seed), Snake bites (seed), Splenic diseases (seed), Stomach diseases (seed), Tetanus (seed), Tuberculosis (seed), Urinary bladder calculi (seed), Urination disorders (seed), Vomiting (seed), Antiperiodic (seed), Anthelmintics (stem), Diarrhea (stem), Dysentery (stem), Dysentery, amebic (stem), Edema (stem), Insect repellents (stem), Insecticides (stem), Depurative (stem), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Amebiasis (unspecified), Anemia (unspecified), Anesthetic (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Bite(Dog) (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Cholera (unspecified), Cold (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Conception (unspecified), Tuberculosis (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Epilepsy (unspecified), Epistaxis (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Gravel (unspecified), Hematochezia (unspecified), Hematuria (unspecified), Hemorrhage (unspecified), Labor (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Menorrhagia (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Puerperium (unspecified), Rabies (unspecified), Rennet (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Spleen (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Tumor(Abdomen) (unspecified), Tumor(Glands) (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Parturition (unspecified), Abscess (unspecified), Blood (unspecified), Candida (unspecified), Chest (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Fumitory (unspecified), Spermatorrhea (unspecified), Splenitis (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Abdominal pain (unspecified), Immunostimulant (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Antipruritics (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Astringents (unspecified), Bites and stings (unspecified), Colitis (unspecified), Common cold (unspecified), Constipation (unspecified), Dysentery, amebic (unspecified), Eczema (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Disorder of ejaculation (unspecified), Enterobius (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Furunculosis (unspecified), Hemorrhoids (unspecified), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (unspecified), Jaundice (unspecified), Labor pain (unspecified), Lactation (unspecified), Liver diseases (unspecified), Pregnancy complications (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Snake bites (unspecified), Splenic diseases (unspecified), Splenomegaly (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Vaginal discharge (unspecified), Vitiligo (unspecified), Vomiting (unspecified), Anthelmintics (whole plant), Astringents (whole plant), Colic (whole plant), Constipation (whole plant), Diarrhea (whole plant), Dysentery (whole plant), Fever (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Holarrhena pubescens habit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Holarrhena pubescens leaf picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Holarrhena pubescens leaf picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Holarrhena pubescens leaf picture by Asim Kumar Mishra (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Holarrhena pubescens flower picture by manoj raturi (cc-by-sa)
Holarrhena pubescens flower picture by Pareshwar patel (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Holarrhena pubescens world distribution map, present in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Mozambique, Mauritius, Malawi, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Viet Nam, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Holarrhena pubescens threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:79318-1
WFO ID wfo-0000982782
COL ID 3M77T
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Physetobasis macrocarpa Nerium sinense Holarrhena antidysenterica Echites antidysentericus Echites adglutinatus Echites pubescens Elytropus pubescens Chonemorpha antidysenterica Holarrhena antidysenterica Holarrhena codaga Holarrhena febrifuga Holarrhena perrotii Holarrhena pierrei Holarrhena villosa Echites antidysentericus Holarrhena fischeri Holarrhena glaberrima Holarrhena glabra Holarrhena macrocarpa Holarrhena malaccensis Holarrhena pubescens Holarrhena tettensis Holarrhena antidysenterica var. macrantha Holarrhena antidysenterica var. pubescens Chonemorpha pubescens