Hymenaea courbaril L.

Stinkingtoe (en), Courbaril (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Hymenaea

Characteristics

Tree to 30 m. tall, with smooth bark, the trunk to 2 m. in diameter, the wood hard and reasonably durable, the branchlets glabrous. Leaves glabrous; petiole about 1-2 cm. long, moderately thick, rugose when dry; stipules caducous; leaflets 2, narrowly oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, obliquely asymmetric, the outer portion broadly rounded basally and without, the inner por-tion narrow and only slightly rounded, apically short-acuminate, subsessile, coriaceous, punctate, dull below, shiny above, with midvein very prominent below. Inflorescence articulate, several-flowered, the pedicels puberulent, the bracts caducous. Flowers whitish, gross, the receptacular portion (of calyx) about 8 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate to oblong, about 15 mm. long, densely puberulent, verrucose, coriaceous, easily caducous; petals elliptic, up to 2 cm. long, mem-branaceous; stamens about 3 cm. long; anthers elliptic, versatile, bilocular; ovary elliptic, oblong or obovate, compressed, glandular, dark; style up to 2.5 cm. long, glandular. Legume oblong, turgid-compressed, 5-15 cm. long, few-seeded.
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Trees, evergreen, 5-10 m tall. Branchlets grayish green, with numerous brown, small lenticels and adpressed puberulent. Leaves alternate; petiolules obscure; leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, slightly incurved, 5-10 × 2.5-4 cm, abaxially adpressed shortly pubescent on veins, adaxially glabrous or sparsely puberulent, base obliquely rounded, asymmetric, apex acute. Inflorescences corymbose panicles. Flowers large, 2.5-3 cm; pedicels articulate, adpressed densely puberulent. Calyx tube 1.3-1.5 cm, expanded and campanulate in upper part; lobes broadly ovate or suborbicular, ca. as long as calyx tube, outside densely adpressed puberulent, inside densely silky at middle part. Petals 5, ovate or narrowly ovate, subequal in size, ca. as long as calyx lobes, clawed or subsessile. Stamens exserted; filaments 2.5-3 cm. Ovary compressed, glabrous; style elon­gated, curved in upper part; stigma capitate. Legume reddish brown, oblong or obovoid-oblong, 5-10.5 × 2.5-5 cm, woody, rough and not tuberculate; stipe short, ca. 5 mm. Fl. Aug-Oct, fr. next May-Jun.
An evergreen tree. It grows 12-33 m high. The trunk is 60-80 cm across. It is straight. The leaves are alternate. They are 8-10 cm long by 5-6 cm wide. The leaves have 2 lobes. The 2 sides of the leaf are unequal and they taper to a short tip. The leaves have yellow veins and leaf stalks. The flowers are of both sexes. The flowers are small and white. They have narrow petals. The fruit are pods. There are 1-5 seeds in the fruit. They are 1.5-2 cm long and dark red. The pulp of the pod is yellow. It has a bad smell.
A tree with 2 leaflets per leaf, very similar to Trachylobium (p. 132), but with non-clawed petals and smooth fruits.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 0.6 - 0.8
Mature height (meter) 19.8 - 30.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.9
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer present
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It is native to tropical America. In Costa Rica it grows to 800 m altitude. In Bolivia they grow up to 1200 m altitude. It grows in lowland dry forest in the Amazon in Brazil. It can grow on poor and sandy soils. It grows in Miombo woodland in Africa.
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Found in a wide range of habitats including tropical dry forest, transition to premontane moist forest, and tropical wet forest as well as subtropical moist forest.
Light 3-6
Soil humidity 1-6
Soil texture 1-4
Soil acidity 3-6
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The pulp of the pod is eaten. It is also added to water and can be fermented into an alcoholic drink. Caution: Alcohol is a cause of cancer. The flour from the pod is eaten. It is also made into porridge. The bark is used to produce a drink.
Uses animal food charcoal drinks dye eating environmental use fodder food game attractant gene source gum incense invertebrate food material medicinal social use timber varnish wood
Edible arils barks fruits pods seeds
Therapeutic use Aphrodisiacs (bark), Headache (unspecified), Antiseptic (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Beri-Beri (unspecified), Blennorrhagia (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Bruise (unspecified), Catarrh (unspecified), Cystitis (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Fracture (unspecified), Indigestion (unspecified), Intestine (unspecified), Kidney (unspecified), Laryngitis (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Lung (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Mouth (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Respiratory (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Sedative (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Stomach (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Venereal (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Arthritis (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Emphysema (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Liqueur (unspecified), Antifungal agents (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. The ripe fruit are harvested and left in the sun to make them fully ripe and therefore easier to remove the seeds. Seeds can only be stored for 4 months. Seeds germinate in 12-18 days. The seeds can be made to germinate by scraping the seed coat or by dropping them in hot water then putting them quickly into cold water. Seedlings can be transplanted in about 6 months.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 20 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Hymenaea courbaril habit picture by Calderón Caldas Douglas (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Hymenaea courbaril leaf picture by Almeida (cc-by-sa)
Hymenaea courbaril leaf picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Hymenaea courbaril leaf picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Fruit

Hymenaea courbaril fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Hymenaea courbaril fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Hymenaea courbaril fruit picture by Caio Felipe Diogo (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Hymenaea courbaril world distribution map, present in American Samoa, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ghana, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Mexico, Mauritius, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Paraguay, Réunion, Singapore, El Salvador, Suriname, Taiwan, Province of China, Uganda, and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Conservation status

Hymenaea courbaril threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:125420-2
WFO ID wfo-0000168642
COL ID 6MPLH
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447043
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Hymenaea courbaril

Lower taxons

Hymenaea courbaril var. courbaril Hymenaea courbarii var. altissima Hymenaea courbarii var. stilbocarpa Hymenaea courbaril var. subsessilis Hymenaea courbaril var. villosa