WorldFloraDB - Bruguiera

Characteristics

Buttressed trees up to 40 m, with kneed pneumatophores, sometimes with aerial roots when young. Leaves decussate, entire, usually coriaceous, glabrous, black-dotted beneath, petioled. Stipules lanceolate, 2-4 cm long, glabrous. Flowers bisexual, ebracteolate, articulated at the base with the pedicel, solitary or in 2-5-flowered, peduncled cymes. Calyx coriaceous, accrescent, 8-14(-15)-lobed, lobes subulate-lanceolate, acute. Petals each embracing a pair of stamens, 2-lobed rarely emarginate, caducous. Disk distinctly cup-shaped and adnate to the calyx tube. Stamens twice the number of petals, paired, epipetalous, filaments filiform, unequal in length; anthers linear. Ovary inferior, adnate to the lower part of the calyx tube, 2-4-celled, each cell with 2 ovules; style filiform, stigma obscurely 2-4-lobed. Fruit included in or adnate to the calyx tube, usually 1-celled, 1(-2)-seeded; cotyledons connate at the base; hypocotyl terete or obscurely ribbed, blunt, perforating the apex of the fruit and falling with it.

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Trees, producing kneelike pneumatophores. Trunk basally buttressed, often with a cone of stilt roots at base. Leaf scars showing evidence of 3 vascular bundles. Leaves entire. Inflorescences cymes, 1-5-flowered, pedunculate. Flowers generally nodding. Calyx accrescent, tube extending beyond ovary; lobes 8-14(-16), subulate-lanceolate. Petals as many as calyx lobes, usually 2-lobed, fringed with hairs and/or bristles. Stamens 2 × as many as petals, in unequal pairs opposite petals, each pair enclosed by inrolled petal margins; anthers introrse, dehiscing lengthwise. Ovary inferior, 2-4-loculed; ovules 2 per locule; style lobes 2-4. Fruit campanulate. Seed usually solitary, viviparous; hypocotyl terete or obscurely ribbed.

Trees of tidal habitats, often buttressed at base and with knee-like pneumatophores. Leaves dark green above, black-dotted below; stipules 2–4 cm long. Flowers solitary or in 2–10-flowered cymes; bracteoles absent. Sepals 8–16, free. Petals as many as sepals, usually 2-lobed, fringed with hairs and/or bristles. Stamens twice as many as petals, in unequal pairs opposite petals, each pair enclosed by inrolled petal margins; anthers linear or lanceolate or oblong. Ovary inferior, 2–4-locular; stigma slightly lobed. Fertile seeds 1 per fruit, viviparous. Propagule falling with fruit attached; hypocotyl terete or angular, obtuse.

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Growth form	tree
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Foliage retention	evergreen
Sexuality	hermaphrodite
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Mature height (meter)	40.0
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Environment

In tropical mangrove forests, ascending tidal parts of rivers. Bruguieras grow in less frequently inundated situations than the Rhizophoras, and rely to a greater extent (B. cylindrica probably almost entirely) on distribution by surface water following heavy rains. B. parviflora is less discriminating than any other mangrove species and forms pure crops under a great variety of conditions.The calyx falls with the fruit but becomes soon detached, except in B. parviflora.

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Usually found in association with other mangroves in places where high rainfall or freshwater inflow reduce salinity below normal seawater concentration.

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Usage

Uses. The wood is seldom used for timber, but is profusely used for fuel and charcoal; the bark is less suitable for tanning than that of Rhizophora.

Uses	charcoal timber wood
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Cultivation

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