Ceratonia siliqua L.

St. john's bread (en), Caroubier (fr), Caroubier silique (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Ceratonia

Characteristics

Tree or shrub to 10 m tall, usually dioecious. Leaves mostly with 2-5 pairs of leaflets; leaflets elliptic to obovate or orbicular, 3-6 cm long, 2.5-4.3 cm wide, coriaceous, dark glossy green above, paler beneath, with somewhat undulate margins. Racemes arising from spurs on old wood or axillary. Flowers pedicellate, reddish, consisting of a hypanthial disc bearing the stamens or pistil or both. Pod linear-oblong, abruptly narrowed basally to a short stipe, straight to falcate, 10-30 cm long, 1.5-3.5 cm wide, indehiscent, pulpy when young but becoming hard at maturity. Seeds ovate-oblong, 8-10 mm long, 7-8 mm wide, compressed, dark brown, very hard.
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An evergreen tree. It grows 12-15 m tall. It spread to 4 m across. It has a dark green round crown of compound leaves. These almost hide the trunk. The trunk is short, erect and thick. The leaves are leathery. The tree flowers in autumn. Male and female flowers are on separate trees. They grow in flower clusters on the previous year's growth. The flowers are small and red. The pods develop in spring. The flat pods are 30 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. They are thick, brown rough and leathery. The seed are constant in size and were used for the carat weight (200 mg). There are several cultivated varieties.
Evergreen unarmed shrub or tree. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 2-8 pairs, coriaceous, elliptic to orbicular, 3-6 cm long, 2.5-4 cm wide, dark glossy green above, pale green below. Flowers unisexual or hermaphrodite, greenish, small, in dense many-flowered racemes which are axillary or arise from the older wood. Calyx caducous. Petals 0. Stamens 5, free, exserted. Pods dark brown, 10-30 cm long, 1.5-2.2 cm wide, laterally compressed, coriaceous, pulpy, many-seeded, indehiscent.
Dense, ornamental evergreen, unarmed shrub or tree, often monoecious, 1-13 m high. Leaves entire, simply pinnate. Leaflets 2-8 pairs, coriaceous. Stipules minute, caducous. Inflorescences dense, many-flowered racemes, axillary or often arising from old wood (cauliflorous). Flowers unisexual or bisexual, irregular, small. Calyx caducous. Petals absent. Stamens 5, free. Pod laterally compressed, coriaceous, many-seeded, indehiscent.
Trees, 15-16 m tall. Leaves 8-17 cm; leaflets 2-4 pairs, shiny, obovate or suborbicular, 3.5-5.5 × 3-3.5 cm, leathery, glabrous, lateral veins conspicuously raised, base cuneate or broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex rounded, emarginate, or conspicuously cordate depressed. Raceme with rachis densely yellowish brown pubescent. Flowers reddish. Legume curved, 10-25 × ca. 2.5 cm. Fl. Nov.
Evergreen dioecious tree; leaflets in 2-8 pairs, 3-6 x 2.5-4 cm, elliptic; flowers in racemes from axils and old nodes, small, without petals, stamens of male flowers on a broad disk, the tomentellous ovary in female flowers with an enlarged, sessile, grooved stigma; pods dark brown, leathery, 10-30 x 1.5-2.2 cm, laterally compressed, pulpy, indehiscent, many-seeded.
It is an evergreen tree.. Leaflets 2–8 pairs, coriaceous.. Small greenish ♂ ♀ or hermaphrodite flowers with no petals and 5 exserted stamens (in the ♂ and hermaphrodite) in usually short racemes which are axillary terminal or clustered on the older wood.. Thick coriaceous pulpy indehiscent pods 12–30 cm. long and 2 cm. thick.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality
Pollination anemogamy
Spread endozoochory
Mature width (meter) 4.0 - 6.0
Mature height (meter) 12.0 - 15.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer present
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a subtropical plant. It is native to Arabia. It suits warm temperate zones. It tends to grow in rocky places near the sea shore. It needs a well drained moderately fertile soil. It does well on calcareous soils. It can grow in alkaline soils. It is commonly seen on deep chalky soils where the limestone is cracked. It is very drought resistant. It suits hot and semi-arid regions. It grows in areas with an annual rainfall between 310-4,030 mm. It can tolerate some salt spray. The deep roots find moisture. It is frost tender. Symbiotic relationships with soil bacteria enable it to fix nitrogen. It can grow in arid places. It does not fruit well in high rainfall areas. It grows in Miombo woodland in Africa. In Brisbane Botanical Gardens. It suits hardiness zones 8-11.
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Rocky places near the sea shore. Dry hillsides in garrigue, coastal and submaritime maquis and in the transitional zone between Mediterranean scrub and Sahara; at elevations up to 600 metres.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 1-6
Soil texture 3-6
Soil acidity 3-9
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-10

Usage

The seed pods can be eaten green or dried. They are sweet. The pulp can be used as a chocolate substitute. They are used for jam. The seed can be ground to make flour. An edible gum can be extracted from the seed. It is a thickening agent and egg substitute. The roasted seed is a coffee substitute. The leaves can be used as a green vegetable. Caution: The leaves are probably purgative. Caution: The pods contain tannin and can be toxic in large amounts.
Uses alcohol animal food bee plant charcoal coffee substitute drinks dye environmental use fiber flavouring fodder food food additive forage fuel gene source gum habitats human nutrition invertebrate food material medicinal non-vertebrate poison ornamental paper perfumery pharmaceutical industry poison seasoning shade social use species stimulant tanning timber wood
Edible fruits leaves pods seeds
Therapeutic use Asthma (fruit), Astringents (fruit), Bronchitis (fruit), Chest pain (fruit), Colitis (fruit), Cough (fruit), Diarrhea (fruit), Diuretics (fruit), Enteritis (fruit), Expectorants (fruit), Hypnotics and sedatives (fruit), Intestinal diseases (fruit), General tonic for rejuvenation (fruit), Vomiting (fruit), Astringents (leaf), Laxatives (plant exudate), Astringents (seed), Cathartics (seed), Colitis (seed), Diarrhea (seed), Enteritis (seed), Hypercholesterolemia (seed), Catarrh (unspecified), Coffee (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Hepatitis (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Liqueur (unspecified), Mononucleosis (unspecified), Pectoral (unspecified), Wart (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Central nervous system depressants (unspecified), Cosmetics (unspecified), Hypercholesterolemia (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed. Seed should be pre-soaked for 24 hours in warm water prior to sowing. The swollen seed are then sown. They should be sown in soil at about 30°C. Germination can take 2 months. Better yielding shoots can be grafted into seedling rootstock. Cuttings can also be used. These should be from firm shoots 10 cm long. A spacing of 7-10 m is suitable.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -5
Optimum temperature (C°) 20 - 32
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Ceratonia siliqua habit picture by Jorge Alcauza (cc-by-sa)
Ceratonia siliqua habit picture by Miguel A. C. (cc-by-sa)
Ceratonia siliqua habit picture by Eve Merlo (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Ceratonia siliqua leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Ceratonia siliqua leaf picture by dominique baisnee (cc-by-sa)
Ceratonia siliqua leaf picture by Jorge Alcauza (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Ceratonia siliqua flower picture by sandra Rousseau (cc-by-sa)
Ceratonia siliqua flower picture by Mr Coetzer (cc-by-sa)
Ceratonia siliqua flower picture by Boualem Felfoul (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Ceratonia siliqua fruit picture by weiss daniel (cc-by-sa)
Ceratonia siliqua fruit picture by daniel maestle (cc-by-sa)
Ceratonia siliqua fruit picture by Pizzulli Anna (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Ceratonia siliqua world distribution map, present in Albania, Argentina, American Samoa, Australia, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, China, Comoros, Cabo Verde, Cyprus, Algeria, Spain, Ethiopia, France, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Mexico, Malta, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Peru, Portugal, Réunion, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States of America, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Ceratonia siliqua threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:485647-1
WFO ID wfo-0000165151
COL ID SNNM
BDTFX ID 16142
INPN ID 447038
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Ceratonia inermis Ceratonia coriacea Ceratonia siliqua var. latissima Ceratonia siliqua var. siccata Ceratonia siliqua var. sterilis Ceratonia siliqua var. vulgaris Ceratonia siliqua

Lower taxons

Ceratonia siliqua 'Amele' Ceratonia siliqua 'Bolser' Ceratonia siliqua 'Clifford' Ceratonia siliqua 'Conejo' Ceratonia siliqua 'Excelsior' Ceratonia siliqua 'Gabriel' Ceratonia siliqua 'Grantham' Ceratonia siliqua 'Holmes' Ceratonia siliqua 'Molino' Ceratonia siliqua 'Santa Fe' Ceratonia siliqua 'Sfax' Ceratonia siliqua 'Sykea' Ceratonia siliqua 'Tantillo' Ceratonia siliqua 'Tylliria' Ceratonia siliqua 'White'