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Trees or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous, monoecious. Leaves simple, mostly alternate, often distichous, pinnately veined or triveined at base, entire or serrate, petiolate; base often oblique; stipules extra-or intrapetiolar, free or connate, usually caducous. Inflorescence axillary, solitary, racemose or cymose. Flowers small, inconspicuous, regular, hypogynous or perigynous, unisexual or bisexual. Perianth 1-whorled with 4–8 lobes, usually 5. Stamens usually as many as perianth lobes, free or adnate to perianth tube; staminodes present or absent in female flowers. Ovary superior; carpels 2 or 3, fused, usually unilocular; pistillode present or absent in male flowers. Styles free. Ovule 1 per locule, usually pendulous. Fruit a nut, drupe or samara. Seeds with little or no endosperm. [The above description from the Ulmaceae treatment in the Flora of Australia Volume 3 (Hewson 1989) requires revision, as it includes Aphananthe Planch., Celtis L. and Trema Lour. which are now placed in Cannabaceae Martinov; Ulmus L. remains in Ulmaceae-Editor, 18 August 2021.]
Trees or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous. Winter buds with scales, rarely naked; axillary buds developed; terminal bud usually dying back early. Stipules usually membranous, caducous. Leaves simple, alternate or rarely opposite, usually distichous, petiolate; leaf blade pinnately veined, basally 3(or 5)-veined, margin entire or serrate. Inflorescences axillary. Flowers monochlamydeous, bisexual, or rarely unisexual or polygamous. Perianth lobes 4-9, imbricate or rarely valvate, persistent or caducous. Stamens usually equal in number to and opposite perianth lobes, opposite, basally adnate to tepals; filaments distinct; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally fissured. Pistil 2-carpellate; ovary superior, 1(or 2)-loculed; ovule 1, suspended, anatropous; integuments 2. Style very short; stigmas 2, linear. Fruit samara, drupes, or winged nutlets, apically usually with persistent stigmas. Endosperm scanty or absent; embryo erect, curved, or involute; cotyledons flat, curved, or flexed. Seedling epigeous.
Trees or shrubs, sometimes armed. Leaves simple, alternate; blade often unequal-sided. Stipules lateral, usually free, often small and caducous. Flowers small, polygamous, solitary or in axillary cymes or clusters. Sepals 4–8, free or shortly united, imbricate or valvate, persistent. Petals absent. Stamens the same number as the calyx-lobes and opposite them or a few more, inserted at the base of the calyx, erect in bud; anthers 2-thecous, opening lengthwise. Ovary of 2 connate carpels, 1–2-locular; styles 2, divergent; ovule solitary, pendulous from near the top, anatropous. Fruits either compressed, dry and ± winged or appendiculate, or thinly fleshy. Seeds without endosperm; embryo straight or curved
Stamens as many as, and opposite to, the calyx lobes or (not in south tropical Africa) a few more, inserted at the base of the calyx, erect in bud; anthers 2-thecous, opening longitudinally
Ovary superior, of 2 united carpels, 1(2)-locular; styles 2, divergent; ovule solitary, pendulous from or near apex, anatropous
Stamens inserted at the bottom of the calyx, erect in bud, opposite the calyx-lobes; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise
Fruit usually compressed, membranous, dry or thinly fleshy, often winged or appendiculate
Flowers small, unisexual or bisexual, regular, axillary, solitary or in cymes or clusters
Leaves alternate, simple; lamina often unequal-sided at base; stipules lateral, caducous
Fruit thinly fleshy or compressed, dry and ± winged or appendiculate; endocarp hard
Seeds without endosperm; embryo curved or (not in south tropical Africa) straight
Leaves alternate, simple, often unequal-sided; stipules paired, caducous
Sepals 4–5(8), imbricate or valvate, free or shortly united, persistent
Ovary of 2 connate carpels, 1–2-celled; styles 2, divergent
Trees or shrubs, monoecious or dioecious, sometimes spiny
Seed without endosperm; embryo straight or curved
Flowers fasciculate, hermaphrodite or unisexual
Calyx herbaceous, lobes imbricate, persistent
Ovules solitary, pendulous from near the top
Trees or shrubs
Petals absent
Petals absent
