Matthiola W.T.Aiton

Stock (en), Violier (fr)

Genus

Angiosperms > Brassicales > Brassicaceae

Characteristics

Annuals, biennials, or perennials [subshrubs]; (base sometimes woody); not scapose; (glandular or not), pubescent, trichomes stalked, stellate or dendritic, or, rarely, forked or simple. Stems erect to ascending or decumbent, unbranched or branched. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; basal rosulate or not, petiolate, blade margins entire, dentate, or pinnatisect. Racemes (corymbose, several-flowered). Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending [erect], slender or stout. Flowers: sepals (connivent), oblong to lanceolate or linear, lateral pair strongly saccate basally; petals yellow, white, pink, purple, violet, or brown [yellowish green], broadly obovate, spatulate, oblong, or linear (much longer than sepals, flat or circinately rolled inwards, margins crisped or not), claw differentiated from blade, (apex obtuse, rounded, subacute, or emarginate); stamens strongly tetradynamous; filaments not dilated basally; anthers linear [oblong], (apex obtuse); nectar glands (4 and) lateral, 1 on each side of lateral stamen, or (2 and) semiannular, intrastaminal. Fruits sessile, linear, subtorulose [torulose], often straight, terete or latiseptate; valves each with prominent midvein, pubescent; replum rounded; septum complete, (often opaque, veinless); style obsolete or distinct; stigma conical, 2-lobed (lobes prominent, distinct or connate, decurrent, with or without 2 or 3 hornlike appendages). Seeds flattened, narrowly winged or not winged, oblong, ovate, suborbicular, or orbicular; seed coat (minutely reticulate), not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons accumbent. x = 7.
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Herbs annual or perennial. Trichomes eglandular, stalked or sessile, stellate or dendritic, rarely forked or simple, sometimes mixed with glandular, multicellular, multiseriate ones. Basal leaves petiolate, rosulate or not, simple, entire, dentate, or pinnatisect. Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile and not auriculate, entire, dentate, or pinnatisect. Racemes ebracteate, elongated in fruit. Fruiting pedicels erect or divaricate. Sepals oblong or linear, connivent, erect, base of lateral pair strongly saccate. Petals yellowish green, white, pink, purple, or brown, much longer than sepals, clawed; blade broadly obovate, spatulate, oblong, or linear, flat or involute, crisped or not, apex obtuse or emarginate. Stamens 6, strongly tetradynamous; filaments not dilated at base; anthers oblong or linear, obtuse at apex. Nectar glands lateral, 4, when 1 on each side of lateral stamen, or 2, when semiannular and intrastaminal; median glands absent. Ovules (5-)15-60 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques, linear, terete or latiseptate, sessile; valves with a prominent midvein, often torulose; replum rounded; septum complete, often opaque, veinless; style obsolete or up to 3 mm; stigma conical, 2-lobed, lobes prominent, connivent, free or connate, decurrent, unappendaged or with 2 or 3 hornlike appendages. Seeds uniseriate, narrowly winged or wingless, oblong, ovate, or orbicular, flattened; seed coat minutely reticulate, not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons accumbent.
Annual herbs to subshrubs, ± branched, with often dense greyish or whitish tomentum of branched and sometimes also glandular hairs. Leaves undivided to pinnatifid. Racemes ebracteate, with rather few showy flowers, elongate in fruit. Sepals erect, the inner saccate. Petals purplish, violet or sordid white, distinctly clawed. Stamens 6, distinctly tetradynamous; filaments free, the median dilated, the lateral linear; anthers acuminate. Nectaries as prominent horseshoe-shaped glands outside each lateral stamen-base, often continuing outside the base of the median stamens (sometimes forming a ring). Ovary linear; stigma practically sessile, conoidal with decurrent narrow lobes, bifid; ovules numerous. Fruit a siliqua, linear, terete or dorso-ventrally compressed, sometimes torulose, without transverse septa; style often 2-horned. Seeds uniseriate, suborbicular, compressed, often winged.
Annual or perennial taprooted herbs, often woody below. Hairs dense, branched. Stems decumbent to erect, leafy above. Lvs entire to sinuate to pinnatifid, usually narrow. Racemes ebracteate. Sepals erect, the inner usually saccate. Petals purple, pink or white. Stamens 6; filaments of inner stamens branched. Lateral nectaries 4, paired at bases of lateral stamens; median nectaries 0. Stigma sessile, of 2 erect lobes with dorsal swellings or horn-like processes. Silique linear, cylindric or flattened, dehiscent; valves conspicuously 1-veined; beak 0. Seeds circular, compressed, winged or not, in 1 row per locule.
Annual or perennial herbs. Sepals dimorphic. Petals long-clawed. Stamens 6, spreading. Stigma sessile, bilobed, each lobe erect with dorsal swelling or horn-like process. Siliqua dehiscent; valves with midvein, pubescent. Seeds in 1 row per locule. Radicle accumbent.
Life form
Growth form herb
Growth support -
Foliage retention -
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.0
Mature height (meter) 1.0
Root system tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

Light 4-7
Soil humidity 2-7
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-10

Usage

Uses -
Edible -
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Mode -
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -