Juglans regia L.

English walnut (en), Noyer commun, noyer royal (fr), Calottier (fr), Noyer royal (fr), Noyer commun (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Fagales > Juglandaceae > Juglans

Characteristics

Large tree to over 20 m high, with broad spreading crown. Shoots glabrous, stout, dark, with prominent, Y-shaped lf scars; buds grey, ± finely puberulent. Lvs to c. 55 cm long; petiole and rachis to c. 30 cm long on adult branches. Leaflets 5-9, densely glandular-puberulent when young, becoming glabrous except for axillary hair tufts on undersurface, entire; base cuneate to rounded; apex rounded to acute or cuspidate; lowest pair of leaflets much smaller; terminal leaflet largest. Lamina of terminal leaflet mostly 10-20 × 5-11 cm (sometimes larger on strong vegetative shoots), broad-elliptic or elliptic-obovate. ♂ catkins 5-11 cm long, puberulent. ♀ fls in clusters of 1-3, sessile or subsessile, densely glandular-puberulent; stigmas to 3 mm long, pale green. Fr. 3.5-5 cm long, subglobose, glabrous but gland-dotted, green, not beaked. Shell thick or thin, rugose; sutures thick and easily dividing in 1/2 at maturity. Seed very convoluted.
More
Trees to 25 m tall. Leaves 25-30 cm; petiole 5-7 cm; petiole and rachis glabrescent, without glandular hairs; leaflets (3 or)5-9, entire on mature trees, sometimes obscurely serrulate on young plants; lateral leaflets subsessile or petiolule 1-2 mm, blade elliptic-ovate to long elliptic, 6-15 × 3-6 cm, abaxially glabrous except for tufts of hairs in vein axils, without glandular hairs, base oblique, subrounded, apex obtuse or acute to shortly acuminate; terminal petiolule 2.5-6 cm. Male spike 5-10(-15) cm. Stamens 6-30(-40). Fruiting spike usually with 1-3(-38) nuts. Nuts subglobose, 4-6 cm; husk glabrous, irregularly dehiscent; shell thick except in commercial varieties, wrinkled. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Oct. 2n = 32.
It is a large deciduous tree up to 30 m high. The trunk can be 120 cm across. The trunk is straight. The leaf stalks are 5-7 cm long. Leaves are often 30 cm long and with 5-9 leaflets. Leaflets can be 6-15 cm long by 3-6 cm wide. They are smooth except for a tuft of hair in the axils of the veins. Male and female flowers are separate but on the same tree. Flowers are small and greenish. Male flowers are compact in hanging spikes. Female flowers are on short stalks. The fruit has a green leathery husk. Nuts are hard shelled and about 4 cm across. The surface is figured. The kernels are edible.
Rarely escapes from cult. It has 7–9 glabrous, entire lfls.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination anemogamy
Spread dyszoochory endozoochory
Mature width (meter) 10.5
Mature height (meter) 20.0
Root system tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) 2.85
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is native to China and S.E. Europe. Trees can stand hard frosts when no flowers are on the tree. It is a cold temperate plant. It does best with a temperature of 29-32°C near harvest time. It grows in Vietnam between 500 and 1,500 m altitude. As it does not bear in the highlands of India it is unlikely to succeed in PNG. In India it produces in Garhwal Himalayas. In Northeastern India it grows between 1,600-2,400 m above sea level. In China they are common in the northern regions. They are grown in China between 23-42°N. They grow on mountain slopes between 500-1800 m altitude. In Hobart Botanical gardens. It suits hardiness zones 4-10. Arboretum Tasmania. In Sichuan.
More
Forests in the Himalayas, preferring a northerly aspect in the west but a southerly or westerly aspect in the east of the range.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 4-7
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-8

Usage

The kernels of the nuts are eaten raw or cooked. They are used on cakes, ice cream sauces, soups etc. The young green fruit can be pickled in vinegar and eaten. They can also be made into jams and preserves. Oil is extracted from the fruit. The remainder can be used in bread. The trees yield a sweet sap made into syrup or sugar. The leaves are added to lactofermented cucumbers.
Uses afforestation dye eating environmental use fodder food gene source material medicinal oil ornamental poison rootstock timber wood
Edible flowers fruits leaves nuts saps seeds
Therapeutic use Anthelmintics (bark), Anti-bacterial agents (bark), Antifungal agents (bark), Anti-infective agents (bark), Anti-infective agents, local (bark), Anti-inflammatory agents (bark), Antineoplastic agents (bark), Antirheumatic agents (bark), Antiviral agents (bark), Arthralgia (bark), Astringents (bark), Cardiovascular system (bark), Central nervous system diseases (bark), Dentifrices (bark), Deodorants (bark), Diarrhea (bark), Eczema (bark), Exanthema (bark), Gingivitis (bark), Headache (bark), Herpes simplex (bark), Hypoglycemia (bark), Hypothermia (bark), Insect repellents (bark), Lactation disorders (bark), Laxatives (bark), Leech infestation (bark), Mammary glands, human (bark), Menorrhagia (bark), Mouth diseases (bark), Mouthwashes (bark), Pain (bark), Periodontal diseases (bark), Periodontitis (bark), Pharyngitis (bark), General tonic for rejuvenation (bark), Respiratory tract diseases (bark), Skin diseases (bark), Syphilis (bark), Tooth diseases (bark), Toothache (bark), Tuberculosis, lymph node (bark), Ulcer (bark), Wounds and injuries (bark), Abscess (fruit), Acne vulgaris (fruit), Anemia (fruit), Anthelmintics (fruit), Anti-bacterial agents (fruit), Antifungal agents (fruit), Anti-inflammatory agents (fruit), Antimutagenic agents (fruit), Antineoplastic agents (fruit), Antioxidants (fruit), Antirheumatic agents (fruit), Aphrodisiacs (fruit), Appetite stimulants (fruit), Bites and stings (fruit), Common cold (fruit), Cough (fruit), Deodorants (fruit), Digestive system diseases (fruit), Dysentery (fruit), Dyspnea (fruit), Eczema (fruit), Emollients (fruit), Fever (fruit), Fissure in ano (fruit), Flatulence (fruit), Galactogogues (fruit), Hair diseases (fruit), Hypercholesterolemia (fruit), Jaundice (fruit), Kidney calculi (fruit), Laxatives (fruit), Liver diseases (fruit), Neck pain (fruit), Neurotic disorders (fruit), Paralysis (fruit), Pharyngitis (fruit), Pregnancy complications (fruit), Pruritus (fruit), General tonic for rejuvenation (fruit), Syphilis (fruit), Thyroid diseases (fruit), Tinea (fruit), Tooth diseases (fruit), Toothache (fruit), Tuberculosis (fruit), Wound healing (fruit), Abscess (leaf), Acne vulgaris (leaf), Anthelmintics (leaf), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Anti-infective agents (leaf), Anti-infective agents, local (leaf), Anti-inflammatory agents (leaf), Astringents (leaf), Contraceptive agents (leaf), Dentifrices (leaf), Diarrhea (leaf), Eczema (leaf), Exanthema (leaf), Fissure in ano (leaf), Hemostasis (leaf), Herpes simplex (leaf), Hypoglycemia (leaf), Insect repellents (leaf), Insecticides (leaf), Laxatives (leaf), Leukorrhea (leaf), Mammary glands, human (leaf), Menorrhagia (leaf), Mouthwashes (leaf), Parasympatholytics (leaf), Pharyngitis (leaf), Pregnancy complications (leaf), Pruritus (leaf), General tonic for rejuvenation (leaf), Rickets (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Syphilis (leaf), Tooth diseases (leaf), Toothache (leaf), Tuberculosis, lymph node (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Wound healing (leaf), Wounds and injuries (leaf), Antirheumatic agents (root), Arthralgia (root), Dentifrices (root), Mastitis (root), Mouth diseases (root), Mouthwashes (root), Periodontal diseases (root), Tooth diseases (root), Abdominal pain (seed), Antirheumatic agents (seed), Arthralgia (seed), Colic (seed), Constipation (seed), Dysentery (seed), Emaciation (seed), Immunosuppressive agents (seed), Mouth diseases (seed), Nervous system diseases (seed), Periodontal diseases (seed), Pregnancy complications (seed), Pruritus (seed), Tooth diseases (seed), Wounds and injuries (seed), Antirheumatic agents (stem), Arthralgia (stem), Mouth diseases (stem), Periodontal diseases (stem), Periodontitis (stem), Tooth diseases (stem), Toothache (stem), Ache(Back) (unspecified), Alterative (unspecified), Anthelminthic (unspecified), Anthrax (unspecified), Antiscrophulosum (unspecified), Aphthae (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Caligo (unspecified), Cancer(Breast) (unspecified), Cancer(Cervix) (unspecified), Chancre (unspecified), Cholagogue (unspecified), Conjunctivitis (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Detergent (unspecified), Digestive (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Eczema (unspecified), Ejaculation (unspecified), Favus (unspecified), Hairblack (unspecified), Heartburn (unspecified), Hemostat (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Insecticide (unspecified), Intellect (unspecified), Intestine (unspecified), Intoxication (unspecified), Kidney (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Leucorrhea (unspecified), Lithontriptic (unspecified), Lung (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Scrofula (unspecified), Semen (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Syphilis (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Impotency (unspecified), Leg (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Dentifrice (unspecified), Rejuvenation (unspecified), Toe (unspecified), Vermicide (unspecified), Abdominal pain (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Antifungal agents (unspecified), Anti-infective agents (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified), Influenza, human (unspecified), Insecticides (unspecified), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (unspecified), Kidney diseases (unspecified), Periodontal diseases (unspecified), Rabies (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Toothbrush (unspecified)
Human toxicity allergenic (whole)
Animal toxicity weak toxic (whole)

Cultivation

Trees can be grown from seeds but quality is often variable. It is best to used grafted trees. They can be pruned. Pruning should be done during the summer as calluses form more easily preventing bleeding. Seedling plants are spaced 10 m apart and budded plants are put 8 m apart. They easily become boron deficient.
Mode graftings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 30 - 180
Germination temperacture (C°) 10 - 15
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment stratification
Minimum temperature (C°) -23
Optimum temperature (C°) 15 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Juglans regia habit picture by Sabaté Sant Jordi (cc-by-sa)
Juglans regia habit picture by Sonia GOURRU (cc-by-sa)
Juglans regia habit picture by Nicolas Crosse (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Juglans regia leaf picture by Karim ALLICHE (cc-by-sa)
Juglans regia leaf picture by jerem90 (cc-by-sa)
Juglans regia leaf picture by Mathieu Da silva Martins (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Juglans regia flower picture by Yves DESDEVISES (cc-by-sa)
Juglans regia flower picture by Yves DESDEVISES (cc-by-sa)
Juglans regia flower picture by Pedro Fernandez (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Juglans regia fruit picture by Sabaté Sant Jordi (cc-by-sa)
Juglans regia fruit picture by yaga baba (cc-by-sa)
Juglans regia fruit picture by Melnik Maksim (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Juglans regia world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Bhutan, Canada, Switzerland, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Germany, Algeria, Spain, Estonia, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Georgia, Greece, Guatemala, Croatia, Hungary, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Korea (Republic of), Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Morocco, Moldova (Republic of), Mexico, North Macedonia, Myanmar, Montenegro, Mauritius, Netherlands, Norway, Nepal, New Zealand, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Réunion, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Taiwan, Province of China, Ukraine, United States of America, Viet Nam, Yemen, and South Africa

Conservation status

Juglans regia threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:442427-1
WFO ID wfo-0000355051
COL ID 6NFN8
BDTFX ID 36333
INPN ID 104076
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Juglans fruticosa Juglans salicifolia Juglans regia Juglans longirostris Juglans sinensis Juglans duclouxiana Juglans orientis Juglans fallax Juglans frutescens Juglans aspleniifolia Juglans kamaonia Juglans x quercifolia Juglans fertilis Juglans regia var. sinensis Juglans regia subsp. sinensis Juglans regia subsp. fallax Juglans regia var. kamaonia

Lower taxons

Juglans regia 'Boone' Juglans regia 'Gent' Juglans regia 'Gillet' Juglans regia 'Merkel' Juglans regia 'Aco' Juglans regia 'Adams' Juglans regia 'Amigo' Juglans regia 'Ashley' Juglans regia 'Ashworth' Juglans regia 'Ata' Juglans regia 'Bandoni' Juglans regia 'Baum' Juglans regia 'Beck' Juglans regia 'Bedford' Juglans regia 'Bel' Juglans regia 'Breslau' Juglans regia 'Broadview' Juglans regia 'Broe' Juglans regia 'Burtner' Juglans regia 'Caesar' Juglans regia 'Carmelo' Juglans regia 'Carpathian D' Juglans regia 'Cascade' Juglans regia 'Chandler' Juglans regia 'Chico' Juglans regia 'Cisco' Juglans regia 'Clarence' Juglans regia 'Clinton' Juglans regia 'Colby' Juglans regia 'Concha' Juglans regia 'Conway Mayette' Juglans regia 'Countryman 1' Juglans regia 'Countryman 2' Juglans regia 'Countryman 3' Juglans regia 'Countryman 4' Juglans regia 'Countryman 6-X' Juglans regia 'Crath 1' Juglans regia 'Crath-McIntyre' Juglans regia 'Deming' Juglans regia 'Dependahl' Juglans regia 'Drummond' Juglans regia 'Durham' Juglans regia 'Early Ehrhardt' Juglans regia 'Ehrhorn' Juglans regia 'Etter' Juglans regia 'Eureka' Juglans regia 'Fateley' Juglans regia 'Fickes' Juglans regia 'Firstling' Juglans regia 'Forde' Juglans regia 'Fredrick' Juglans regia 'Grande' Juglans regia 'Gratiot' Juglans regia 'Greenhaven' Juglans regia 'Gustine' Juglans regia 'Hansen' Juglans regia 'Harriette' Juglans regia 'Hartley' Juglans regia 'Helmle' Juglans regia 'Henry' Juglans regia 'Himalaya' Juglans regia 'Hodges' Juglans regia 'Houston' Juglans regia 'Howard' Juglans regia 'Howe' Juglans regia 'Idaho' Juglans regia 'Illinois 3' Juglans regia 'Ivanhoe' Juglans regia 'Jacobs' Juglans regia 'James' Juglans regia 'Jensen' Juglans regia 'Kentucky Giant' Juglans regia 'Kentucky Papershell' Juglans regia 'King' Juglans regia 'Lake' Juglans regia 'Lewis' Juglans regia 'Littlepage' Juglans regia 'Little York' Juglans regia 'Lompoc' Juglans regia 'Lyell' Juglans regia 'Macomber' Juglans regia 'Manregian' Juglans regia 'Marchetti' Juglans regia 'McDermid' Juglans regia 'McKinster' Juglans regia 'Mesa' Juglans regia 'Metcalfe' Juglans regia 'Meylan' Juglans regia 'Midland' Juglans regia 'Morris' Juglans regia 'Moyer' Juglans regia 'Myrtleford Jewell' Juglans regia 'Nebraska' Juglans regia 'Neyer' Juglans regia 'Neyer 2' Juglans regia 'North Platte' Juglans regia 'Nugget' Juglans regia 'Nu-Schafer' Juglans regia 'Olds' Juglans regia 'Orth' Juglans regia 'Pedro' Juglans regia 'Pioneer' Juglans regia 'Placentia' Juglans regia 'Poe' Juglans regia 'Rapier' Juglans regia 'Robert Livermore' Juglans regia 'Roberts' Juglans regia 'Rodhouse' Juglans regia 'Schafer' Juglans regia 'Schorsch Fronquette' Juglans regia 'SeeandO' Juglans regia 'Serr' Juglans regia 'Sexton' Juglans regia 'Sharkey' Juglans regia 'Sinensis 5' Juglans regia 'Sinensis 7' Juglans regia 'Solano' Juglans regia 'Somers' Juglans regia 'Spurgeon' Juglans regia 'S-S Franquette' Juglans regia 'Sturdy' Juglans regia 'Sunland' Juglans regia 'Tehama' Juglans regia 'Trinta' Juglans regia 'Tula' Juglans regia 'Valnur' Juglans regia 'Van Buren' Juglans regia 'van Thoor' Juglans regia 'Vina' Juglans regia 'Wallick 16' Juglans regia 'Waterloo' Juglans regia 'Watt' Juglans regia 'Weng' Juglans regia 'UC Wolfskill'