Punica granatum L.

Pomegranate (en), Grenadier (fr), Grenadier commun (fr), Grenadier à graines nombreuses (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Myrtales > Lythraceae > Punica

Characteristics

Shrub or small crooked tree, lh-5 m high, often much branched from near the base; branches often ending in a spine, moreover frequently with axillary leaf bearing or leafless spines; when very young tetragonous or narrowly tetrapterous, afterwards obtusangular or subterete, glabrous. Leaves mostly opposite, oblong-lanceolate from an acute or less often rather obtuse base, acute, obtuse or emargin-ate, entire, firmly herbaceous, shining above, 1-9 by ½-2½ cm; midrib much prominent beneath; lateral nerves rather numerous, erecto-patent or ascending, thin. Flowers 1-5 at the top of the branchlets; 1 of them terminal; the others solitary in the highest leaf-axils, odourless. Calyx (receptacle included) 2-3 cm high, red or pale-yellow; segments erecto-patent or slightly recurved, thick, at the apex on the back with a yellowish green gland, along the margin densely and shortly papillose, ¾-1¼ cm long. Petals erecto-patent or patent, with a rounded or very obtuse apex, flaming red or white and then turning brown when fading, 1½-3 by 1-2 cm. Stamens glabrous, ½-1 cm long. Style surpassing the stamens, ¾-1¼ cm. Berry 5-12 cm diam., variable as to colour, yellowish green, white, reddish brown or rarely blackish violet. Seeds obtusangular, red, pink or yellowish white.
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Shrubs or small trees, 2-3 m tall, glabrous. Branches and branchlets 4-angled, becoming terete with age, often terminating as indurate spines. Petiole 2-10 mm; leaf blade adaxially shiny, lanceolate, elliptic-oblanceolate, or oblong, 2-9 × 1-2 cm, base attenuate, apex obtuse or mucronate. Floral tube red-orange or pale yellow, campanulate-urceolate, 2-3 × 1-1.5 cm; sepals 5-9, erect, deltate. Petals 5-9, bright red-orange [or white], obovate, 1.5-3 × 1-2 cm, apex rounded or obtuse. Stamens numerous, included to exserted. Ovary 8-13-loculed, in 2 or 3 superposed layers, lower locules with axile placentation, upper ones with apparent parietal placentation. Fruit globose, leathery berries, variable in color, red to yellow-green or red-brown, 5-12 cm in diam., crowned by persistent sepals, irregularly dehiscent. Seeds obpyramidal within juicy sarcotestal layer, ruby-red, pink, or yellowish white. Fl. Mar-Jul. 2n = 16, 18.
Deciduous tree or shrub to 5 (–6) m high, glabrous. Branches often terminating as spines. Leaves opposite or subopposite, shortly petiolate; lamina lanceolate, oblanceolate to elliptic or ±oblong, (2–) 3–7 (–9) cm long, 0.7–2.5 cm wide, attenuate at base, obtuse to acute at apex, turning yellow in autumn before falling; stipules absent. Flowers often in 2s, to 4 cm across. Sepals triangular, 7–8 mm long, persistent. Petals 5–8 (sometimes double flowers occur in cultivars), obovate, 2–2.5 cm long, crimped on margin, orange-red or bright orange. Fruit ±spherical, 4–9 (–12) cm diam., brownish yellow flushed with red and/or pink to orange-red, red or purblish red. Seeds numerous, each surrounded by a juicy reddish translucent pulp.
A native of Iran and NW. India frequently put in Punicaceae (but scarcely differing from Lythraceae in its inferior ovary, the calyx-tube adnate to the ovary which is many-loculed with the locules superposed in two series, the lower with axile, the upper with parietal placentation) is widely grown for its edible fruit.. Large shrub or small tree, the branches sometimes spiny.. Leaves opposite, subopposite or fascicled, oblong to lanceolate or obovate, up to 7.5 cm. long, glabrous.. Flowers orange-red or crimson, showy, ± 2.5 cm. wide.. Calyx urceolate-funnel-shaped.. Fruit 3.5–12.5 cm. in diameter, but usually about the size of an orange.. Seeds numerous, covered with pulp.
A shrub. It grows up to 2-6 m tall. It has short thorns. It can grow up to 10 m tall. Usually trees lose their leaves at one season during the year. The trunk is covered by reddish-brown bark. Trees often sucker near the base. The leaves are opposite, entire and 8 cm x 1.5 cm. Leaves narrow towards the base. It has large scarlet flowers. These are at the ends of branches. 1-3 flowers occur together. The fruit is round, leathery skinned and up to 10 cm across. It is yellow brown in colour. Inside there are angular hard seeds in a juicy yellow pulp. The seeds are 10 mm long. There are many named varieties.
Shrub, up to 2-6 m high; deciduous. Stems sometimes spiny. Leaves opposite or subopposite; blade narrowly oblong-ovate to obovate, 30-70 x 20 mm, margins entire, glabrous. Flowers: 30-40 mm in diameter; many stamens inserted on corolla tube; petals 4-or 5-merous, red; Aug.-Jan. Fruit a ± globose berry, 50-80 mm in diameter, reddish brown, leathery when ripe; each seed surrounded by an edible aril, white to deep red or purple in colour, seeds embedded in a white, spongy, acid or sweet pulp.
Tree or shrub, often spiny. Leaves simple, ± opposite, stipules rudimentary. Flowers regular, bisexual, usually solitary. Hypanthium red. Corolla imbricate or crumpled in bud. Stamens many on hypanthium tube, developing centrifugally, anthers with longitudinal slits. Ovary with placentation superposed in 2 or 3 layers, each placenta with many ovules. Fruit with leathery pericarp and persistent calyx. Seeds in pulpy, enlarged sarcotestas.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread endozoochory
Mature width (meter) 2.75 - 3.25
Mature height (meter) 5.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A Mediterranean climate plant. It is native from SE Europe to the Himalayas. It suits drier subtropical climates. It suits areas with a long hot dry summer and cool winter. A temperature of 35-38°C is best for good fruit development. A humid climate affects fruit formation. They can tolerate some salinity. It can grow in soils with a wide range of pH. They have borne fruit in Papua New Guinea at 1620 m altitude. They are mostly coastal up to 500 m in the tropics. Trees are severely damaged by temperatures below-11°C. In Brisbane Botanical Gardens. In Nepal they grow to about 2700 m altitude. It grows in the drier parts of West Africa. It can grow in arid places. It grows in Miombo woodland in Africa. It suits hardiness zone 8-11.
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Cultivated as a fruit-tree or for medicinal purposes throughout the lower regions of Malaysia, 1-1000 m, always on a very small scale and nowhere naturalized. The fruits produced in Malaysia are of poor quality. The farther from Persia the more inferior, on an average, are the fruit ( BURKILL A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula 1935 ). A dwarfed from (P. nana L.) and a double-flowered form are cultivated as ornamental plants, often in pots.
Grows in disturbed areas near habitation; recorded from a paddock, creekline, near watercourses, vegetation clearings, roadside, edge of rainforest, remnant vine thicket.
Dry limestone soils at elevations up to 2,700 metres in the Himalayas.
Dry limestone soils at elevations up to 2,700 metres in the Himalayas.
Light 6-7
Soil humidity 2-6
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 4-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-11

Usage

Widely cultivated for its edible fruit. Popular as a juice drink and many culinary uses. Several cultivars are also grown as ornaments, e.g. Dwarf Pomegranate Punica granatum 'Nana'; see Ellison (1999: 457), Rodd (1996: 362–363), Spencer (2002: 412–413). Extracts from the bark, flowers, leaves and fruit (juice, peel, seeds) have been used or tested for a wide variety of medical conditions, e.g. Noda et al. (2002), Adams et al. (2006), Dumlu & Gürkan (2007), Lansky & Newman (2007), Jurenka (2008), Alper et al. (2011), Gundogdu & Yilmaz (2012), Wang et al. (2018), and references therein.   Pomegranates, fruit of Punica granatum.
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The juicy pulp around the seeds is eaten. The juice can be used for a drink. It provides a red colour. The seeds are dried with their aril and used in the Indian condiment Anardana. The fruit are used in sauces, soups, meat dishes, salads and other dishes. The flowers are eaten. Boiled leaves are also reported as eaten.
Uses. The root-bark is a highly valued specific for tape-worm.
Uses bee plant dye environmental use food fuel gene source material medicinal non-vertebrate poison poison social use timber vertebrate poison wood
Edible flowers fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Anthelmintics (bark), Antiemetics (bark), Anti-inflammatory agents (bark), Astringents (bark), Diarrhea (bark), Dysentery (bark), Hemorrhoids (bark), Hepatomegaly (bark), Intestinal diseases (bark), Syphilis (bark), Anemia (flower), Aphrodisiacs (flower), Bronchitis (flower), Diarrhea (flower), Diuretics (flower), Dysentery (flower), Earache (flower), Epistaxis (flower), Eye pain (flower), Hematuria (flower), Hemoptysis (flower), Hemorrhage (flower), Laxatives (flower), Pain (flower), Pectoralis muscles (flower), Pharyngitis (flower), Splenic diseases (flower), Hydrocele (flower), Thirst (flower), Ulcer (flower), Vomiting (flower), Abdominal pain (fruit), Amnesia (fruit), Anemia (fruit), Appetite stimulants (fruit), Astringents (fruit), Atherosclerosis (fruit), Bronchitis (fruit), Cardiotonic agents (fruit), Cholinesterase inhibitors (fruit), Colitis (fruit), Common cold (fruit), Constipation (fruit), Cough (fruit), Diarrhea (fruit), Digestive system diseases (fruit), Dysentery (fruit), Dyspepsia (fruit), Earache (fruit), Epistaxis (fruit), Fever (fruit), Gastritis (fruit), Gonorrhea (fruit), Heartburn (fruit), Hemorrhoids (fruit), Hypertension (fruit), Jaundice (fruit), Laxatives (fruit), Leukorrhea (fruit), Freckles (fruit), Pharyngitis (fruit), General tonic for rejuvenation (fruit), Sleep initiation and maintenance disorders (fruit), Syphilis (fruit), Thirst (fruit), Uterine diseases (fruit), Vomiting (fruit), Cooling effect on body (fruit), Abortion, spontaneous (leaf), Anthelmintics (leaf), Astringents (leaf), Chest pain (leaf), Conjunctivitis (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Stomatitis (leaf), Anthelmintics (root), Antiemetics (root), Astringents (root), Cestoda (root), Dysentery (root), Hepatomegaly (root), Intestinal diseases (root), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (root), Anemia (seed), Appetite stimulants (seed), Cardiotonic agents (seed), Chest pain (seed), Diarrhea (seed), Diet, food, and nutrition (seed), Diuretics (seed), Eye pain (seed), Fatigue (seed), Hematologic diseases (seed), Hypnotics and sedatives (seed), Jaundice (seed), Liver diseases (seed), Nausea (seed), Scabies (seed), Splenic diseases (seed), Thirst (seed), Vomiting (seed), Anthelmintics (stem), Intestinal diseases (stem), Syphilis (stem), Asthma (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Bilious (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Breast (Caked) (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Cardiotonic (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Dermatosis (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Flux (unspecified), Gingivitis (unspecified), Hairwhite (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Leucorrhea (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Menorrhagia (unspecified), Metrorrhagia (unspecified), Ophthalmia (unspecified), Paralysis (unspecified), Pimple (unspecified), Rectum (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Stomach (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Stomatitis (unspecified), Styptic (unspecified), Taenifuge (unspecified), Tapeworm (unspecified), Thirst (unspecified), Throat (unspecified), Tumor(Abdomen) (unspecified), Urogenital (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Amygdalitis (unspecified), Cardiac (unspecified), Heart (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Prolapse (unspecified), Taenicide (unspecified), Tumor(Stomach) (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Dysmenorrhea (unspecified), Emission (unspecified), Hair-Dye (unspecified), Hemorrhagia (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Night-Sweat (unspecified), Abortion, spontaneous (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Epistaxis (unspecified), Hypolipidemic agents (unspecified), Leukorrhea (unspecified), Scorpion stings (unspecified), Snake bites (unspecified), Cooling effect on body (unspecified), Hypoglycemic agents (whole plant), Abortion, spontaneous (wood), Leukorrhea (wood)
Human toxicity toxic (bark), toxic (root), toxic (fruit)
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

They are easily raised by seed. They are best propagated by layering or grafting but cuttings or root suckers can be used. It can be grown by air-layering. Cuttings root easily. Cuttings 30 to 50 cm long of one year old wood can be used. Pruning of sucker growth and surplus branches is needed. A spacing of 4-5 m is suitable.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 30 - 40
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 22
Germination luminosity light
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -12
Optimum temperature (C°) 23 - 32
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Punica granatum habit picture by Prieta Javier (cc-by-sa)
Punica granatum habit picture by Boumlik Messaïli (cc-by-sa)
Punica granatum habit picture by Vinciane Bertrand (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Punica granatum leaf picture by iriarte Aritza (cc-by-sa)
Punica granatum leaf picture by Emmanuel Chédor (cc-by-sa)
Punica granatum leaf picture by Marco Jesus Marco (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Punica granatum flower picture by iriarte Aritza (cc-by-sa)
Punica granatum flower picture by Sorrielis Ambroise (cc-by-sa)
Punica granatum flower picture by Chiaretti Daniele (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Punica granatum fruit picture by Pieter Verbrugghe (cc-by-sa)
Punica granatum fruit picture by meta van der laan (cc-by-sa)
Punica granatum fruit picture by Rysandro Pobelli (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Punica granatum world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Anguilla, Albania, Armenia, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Azerbaijan, Benin, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Bahamas, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Barbados, Bhutan, China, Cameroon, Cook Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Algeria, Ecuador, Spain, Fiji, France, Micronesia (Federated States of), Georgia, Guadeloupe, Equatorial Guinea, Greece, Guam, Honduras, Croatia, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Italy, Jamaica, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libya, Saint Lucia, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Maldives, Mexico, Marshall Islands, North Macedonia, Malta, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Montserrat, Martinique, Mauritius, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Niue, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Palau, Puerto Rico, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Portugal, Réunion, Russian Federation, Somalia, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovenia, Turks and Caicos Islands, Chad, Thailand, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, and South Africa

Conservation status

Punica granatum threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:554129-1
WFO ID wfo-0000468843
COL ID 4QHX8
BDTFX ID 54104
INPN ID 447462
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Punica spinosa Punica nana Punica florida Rhoea punica Granatum punicum Punica grandiflora Punica granatum

Lower taxons

Punica granatum 'Al-Sirin-Nar' Punica granatum 'Ariana' Punica granatum 'Blaze' Punica granatum 'Desertnyi' Punica granatum 'Early Red' Punica granatum 'Early Red 2' Punica granatum 'Early Wonderful' Punica granatum 'Eversweet' Punica granatum 'Fleshman' Punica granatum 'Foothill Early' Punica granatum 'Foothill Late' Punica granatum 'Golden Globe' Punica granatum 'Granada' Punica granatum 'Green Globe' Punica granatum 'Haku Botan' Punica granatum 'Huaibeiruanzi 3' Punica granatum 'Huaiyuanmanaozi' Punica granatum 'Huaiyuanyushizi' Punica granatum 'Huiliqinpiruanzi' Punica granatum 'Jianshuihongmanao' Punica granatum 'Jianshuihongzhenzhu' Punica granatum 'Jinghuayushizi' Punica granatum 'Lintongsanbaitian' Punica granatum 'Linxuan 1' Punica granatum 'Linyijiangshiliu' Punica granatum 'Loffani' Punica granatum 'Loulou' Punica granatum 'Molla Nepes' Punica granatum 'Myagkosemyannyi Rozovyi' Punica granatum 'Myatadzhy' Punica granatum 'Phoenicia' Punica granatum 'Purple Heart' Punica granatum 'Rosamia' Punica granatum 'Sainingmeng' Punica granatum 'Sakerdze' Punica granatum 'Sogdiana' Punica granatum 'Sweet' Punica granatum 'Taihanghong' Punica granatum 'Taishanhong' Punica granatum 'Trauernicht' Punica granatum 'Tunisiruanzi' Punica granatum 'Wonderful' Punica granatum 'Yain' Punica granatum 'Yichengqingpimayatian' Punica granatum 'Zhengzhuhong' Punica granatum 'Zimei'