Opuntia Mill.

Pricklypear (en), Cactus raquettes (fr), Oponce au sens large (fr)

Genus

Angiosperms > Caryophyllales > Cactaceae

Characteristics

Succulent, erect or spreading shrubs or trees, sometimes creeping, often many-branched from the base; trunk absent, short or well-developed, usually terete, segmented. Roots usually fibrous. Stem segments firmly attached to easily detached, usually flattened, circular, elliptic, ovate, lanceolate or obovate to oblanceolate, rarely cylindric, smooth or rarely somewhat tuberculate, glabrous, papillate to pubescent; tubercles (when present) elongate, slightly raised, sometimes only present on the pericarpel. Leaves restricted to young developing stem-segments and on young pericarpels and hypanthia, rudimentary, caducous, terete, ± subulate. Areoles usually elliptic, orbicular or obovate, invested with glochids, white, grey, tan or brown woolly hairs, and spines. Spines 0–15+, acicular or subulate, smooth, lacking a papery sheath. Glochids in an adaxial crescent at margin of areole, in tuft or encircling areole margin, white to yellow to brown, or red-brown, aging white to brown or red-brown. Flowers usually on the margin of the stem segments, solitary, bisexual or sometimes functionally staminate, regular, diurnal. Perianth caducous, segments numerous, rotate or spreading, sometimes erect, virtually free, inserted on pericarpel apex; outer tepals green to yellow with margins of similar colour to inner tepals; inner tepals oblong to obovate or spathulate, emarginate-apiculate, yellow, orange, pink, red or magenta, rarely white or with base of a different colour (bicoloured). Nectar chamber simple, open, not covered by proximal thickened style. Stamens inserted in numerous rows, sometimes touch-sensitive, usually shorter than perianth. Ovary inferior; style usually thick, shorter or longer than perianth, often expanded near base with 5–10 stigmas. Fruit sometimes proliferating (sprouting from another fruit), fleshy or dry at maturity, indehiscent but sometimes forming a longitudinal fissure when ripe, ovoid, obovoid, pyriform or cylindroid, smooth or tuberculate, usually with an umbilicus, areoles glochidiate, spineless or spiny, green, yellow, pink, red or carmine; seeds circular to reniform, discoid to subglobose, angular to squarish, sometimes irregular, glabrous; hilum basal or appearing lateral.
More
Trees or shrubs, erect to trailing, usually many branched, sometimes forming clumps or mats; trunk, when present, initially segmented, appearing continuous with age, main axis determinate, usually terete. Stem segments green or sometimes reddish to purple, usually flattened, circular, elliptic, ovate, lanceolate, or obovate to oblanceolate, 2-60(-120) × 1.2-40 cm, nearly smooth to tuberculate, glabrous or pubescent; areoles usually elliptic, circular, or obovate, 3-8(-10) × 1-7(-10) mm; wool white, gray, or tan to brown, aging white or gray to black. Spines 0-15+ per areole, white, yellow to brown, red-brown to gray, or black, sometimes partly to wholly white chalky (chalkiness disappearing when wet), aging gray to dark brown to black, with epidermis intact, not sheathed, acicular to subulate, sometimes setose or with hairlike bristles, terete to angular-flattened, to 75(-170) mm, tips sometimes paler or yellow. Glochids in adaxial crescent at margin of areole, in tuft or encircling areole margin, white to yellow to brown, or red-brown, aging white to brown or red-brown. Flowers bisexual or sometimes functionally staminate, radially symmetric; outer tepals green to yellow with margins tinged color of inner tepals; inner tepals pale yellow to orange, pink to red or magenta, rarely white (unicolored) or with base of a different color (bicolored), oblong to spatulate, emarginate-apiculate; nectar chamber simple, open, not covered by proximal thickening style. Pollen yellow, grains reticulate or foveolate (opuntioid type). Fruits sometimes proliferating (sprouting from another fruit), if fleshy, green, yellow, or red to purple or, if dry, tan to gray, straight, sometimes stipitate, clavate to cylindric, ovoid, or obovoid to subspheric, 10-120 × 8-120 mm, fleshy to juicy or dry, smooth or tuberculate, spineless or spiny, sometimes burlike. Seeds pale yellow to tan or gray, generally circular to reniform, flattened (discoid) to subspheric, angular to squarish, sometimes warped, 2-7 × 2-7 mm, glabrous, commonly bearing 1-4 large, shallow depressions due to pressures from adjacent developing seeds; girdle protruding 0.3-3.5 mm, forming ridge or flat wing, or not protruding. x = 11.
Succulent shrubs, small trees, and subshrubs; stems phylloid and jointed when young, the joints fleshy, compressed and oval to broadly linguiform in our species, bearing amphigenous areoles armed with hairs, glochids, and spines, very rarely un-armed. Leaves inconspicuous, acicular and fugacious. Flowers sessile, chiefly marginal upon the young joints; perianth broadly campanulate, with a short and broad hypanthium, the segments numerous, the outer progressively shorter and less petaloid than the inner, widely spreading; stamens very numerous, the filaments much shorter than the perianth, united at different levels into a shallow glandular cup, somewhat deflexed at anthesis, sensitive and inflexed upon stimulation; ovary turbinate to cylindric, concave, the areoles prominent; style slightly longer than the stamens, terete to fusiform. Fruit a fleshy berry with numerous seeds.
Shrubs or small trees. Stems fleshy, usually many branched, terete, club-shaped, subglobose, laterally compressed; areoles with glochids and usually 1 to many spines. Leaves conic to terete, usually small, caducous. Flowers solitary, lateral or subterminal, rarely terminal, sessile. Receptacle obovoid, truncate and depressed at apex. Perianth rotate, spreading, or erect, inserted at rim of receptacle tube; segments numerous, outer ones sepaloid, inner ones petaloid. Stamens inserted in perianth throat, sensitive (except in O. cochenillifera). Ovary (pericarpel) inferior; placentas parietal. Fruit fleshy or dry, globose or ovoid, umbilicate, with areoles, glochids, and sometimes spines. Seeds encased in a white, hard, rarely hairy aril.
Shrubby or arborescent cacti with cylindrical, club-shaped, subglobose or flattened branches. Areoles tufted with barbed bristles (glochids) and usually 1–∞ longer stouter spines. Leaves small, subulate to terete, usually early deciduous. Flowers solitary, sessile; perianth rotate or erect,brightly coloured, segments ∞. Ovules circinotropous (the funicles circinnate). Berry bearing areoles, glochids, and sometimes spines. Seeds ∞, encased by the hard, white funicular aril; endosperm scanty. Widely introduced in the warmer parts of the world, some species as food-plants for the cochineal insect, some for forage or for their edible fruits.
Prostrate to arborescent shrubs. Stems jointed, the segments cylindric to globose or flattened and pad-like. Areoles bearing numerous glochids and often hairs and spines. Lvs small, subulate or terete, caducous. Fls single in an areole, usually on margins of stem segments. Sepals green, or inner sepals similarly coloured to petals. Petals green, yellow, red, or occasionally white, opening widely. Stamens much < petals. Ovary with areoles and glochids, often with spines. Berry rather dry to very juicy, sometimes spiny. Seeds with whitish bony aril.
Stems branched and jointed, the joints cylindric to flattened; spines and glochids arising from the areoles, or the plants virtually spineless; fls borne within the areoles near the tips of joints of the previous year; pet and sep rotate from the summit of the scarcely prolonged hypanthium; stamens shorter than the pet; seeds wingless. 150+, New World.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support -
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 1.0 - 6.0
Root system fibrous-root
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 4-10

Usage

Uses -
Edible fruits
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Mode -
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Opuntia unspecified picture
Opuntia unspecified picture

Distribution

Opuntia world distribution map, present in Australia, China, New Zealand, Panama, and United States of America

Identifiers

LSID -
WFO ID wfo-4000027003
COL ID 69B3
BDTFX ID 77729
INPN ID 195505
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Ficindica Subulatopuntia Platyopuntia Opuntia Tunas Cactus Nopal Phyllarthus Platyopuntia Plutonopuntia Terecaulis Chaffeyopuntia Cactodendron Nopalea Opuntia subg. Platopuntia

Lower taxons

Opuntia chata Opuntia erecta Opuntia kuehnrichii Opuntia laiglonii Opuntia piccolomini Opuntia urbaniana Opuntia opuntia Opuntia x occidentalis Opuntia peckii Opuntia phyllacantha Opuntia pennellii Opuntia papyracantha Opuntia fragilis Opuntia flavispina Opuntia straminea Opuntia stenarthra Opuntia glaucophylla Opuntia x elisae Opuntia elatior Opuntia effulgia Opuntia jussieui Opuntia irrorata Opuntia guatemalensis Opuntia hondurensis Opuntia hitchenii Opuntia hanburyana Opuntia virens Opuntia woodsii Opuntia x rooneyi Opuntia salicornoides Opuntia protracta Opuntia praecox Opuntia reptans Opuntia schumannii Opuntia schomburgkii Opuntia carolina Opuntia calacantha Opuntia brachydelphis Opuntia x cervicornis Opuntia boldinghii Opuntia demoriana Opuntia morenoi Opuntia dejecta Opuntia dichotoma Opuntia demorenia Opuntia depauperata Opuntia deppei Opuntia x columbiana Opuntia montana Opuntia curassavica Opuntia cyanea Opuntia alpicola Opuntia albispinosa Opuntia amarilla Opuntia airampo Opuntia aciculata Opuntia angusta Opuntia ambigua Opuntia x carstenii Opuntia x andersonii Opuntia altomagdalenensis Opuntia megacantha Opuntia x lucayana Opuntia macrantha Opuntia lutea Opuntia lucida Opuntia longispina Opuntia pittieri Opuntia diversispina Opuntia inaequilateralis Opuntia horstii Opuntia intermedia Opuntia repens Opuntia tuna Opuntia spinulosa Opuntia sanguinea Opuntia securigera Opuntia carnosa Opuntia caracassana Opuntia canterae Opuntia x debreczyi Opuntia neorutila Opuntia nemoralis Opuntia myriacantha Opuntia olmeca Opuntia militaris Opuntia discolor Opuntia aureispina Opuntia x aequatorialis Opuntia feracantha Opuntia howeyi Opuntia megapotamica Opuntia orbiculata Opuntia parviclada Opuntia tehuacana Opuntia pseudo-tuna Opuntia undulata Opuntia curvispina Opuntia bispinosa Opuntia basilaris Opuntia chlorotica Opuntia martiniana Opuntia streptacantha Opuntia x edwardsii Opuntia eichlamii Opuntia x demissa Opuntia pusilla Opuntia rufida Opuntia strigil Opuntia triacantha Opuntia chisosensis Opuntia arenaria Opuntia littoralis Opuntia aurantiaca Opuntia macrocentra Opuntia spinulifera Opuntia x vaseyi Opuntia cymochila Opuntia ochrocentra Opuntia guilanchi Opuntia oricola Opuntia atrispina Opuntia macbridei Opuntia austrina Opuntia quitensis Opuntia pumila Opuntia galapageia Opuntia colubrina Opuntia elata Opuntia staffordae Opuntia soederstromiana Opuntia megasperma Opuntia saxicola Opuntia robinsonii Opuntia depressa Opuntia chaffeyi Opuntia pycnantha Opuntia tapona Opuntia comonduensis Opuntia mesacantha Opuntia loomsii Opuntia setispina Opuntia megarrhiza Opuntia rastrera Opuntia gosseliniana Opuntia santarita Opuntia x spinosibacca Opuntia azurea Opuntia tehuantepecana Opuntia cuija Opuntia bravoana Opuntia wilcoxii Opuntia velutina Opuntia ritteri Opuntia pailana Opuntia scheeri Opuntia lasiacantha Opuntia hyptiacantha Opuntia joconostle Opuntia crystalenia Opuntia stenopetala Opuntia auberi Opuntia karwinskiana Opuntia bonplandii Opuntia pinkavae Opuntia puberula Opuntia inaperta Opuntia ellisiana Opuntia pachyrrhiza Opuntia cubensis Opuntia aurea Opuntia bonaerensis Opuntia penicilligera Opuntia echios Opuntia helleri Opuntia hitchcockii Opuntia fuliginosa Opuntia x cochinera Opuntia jaliscana Opuntia huajuapensis Opuntia x coloradensis Opuntia x wootonii Opuntia arechavaletae Opuntia cespitosa Opuntia clarkiorum Opuntia cochenillifera Opuntia delafuentiana Opuntia gallegiana Opuntia gaumeri Opuntia perotensis Opuntia preciadoae Opuntia rioplatense Opuntia robusta Opuntia setocarpa Opuntia tezontepecana Opuntia ventanensis Opuntia quimilo Opuntia festiva Opuntia x charlestonensis Opuntia deamii Opuntia chella Opuntia elizondoana Opuntia abjecta Opuntia excelsa Opuntia anacantha Opuntia ithypetala Opuntia longiglochia Opuntia velizii Opuntia drummondii Opuntia tortispina Opuntia pottsii Opuntia insularis Opuntia mackensenii Opuntia lagunae Opuntia salmii Opuntia pubescens Opuntia bahamana Opuntia decumbens Opuntia arborea Opuntia chiangiana Opuntia macrorhiza Opuntia engelmannii Opuntia pilifera Opuntia tomentosa Opuntia microdasys Opuntia leucotricha Opuntia sulphurea Opuntia polyacantha Opuntia monacantha Opuntia phaeacantha Opuntia humifusa Opuntia stricta Opuntia ficus-indica