Arisaema Mart.

Jack in the pulpit (en)

Genus

Angiosperms > Alismatales > Araceae

Characteristics

Herbs with tuber or rhizome, paradioecious (sex depending on nutrition and therefore variable from one year to another). Tuber usually renewed seasonally and producing some tubercles around, these separated from old tuber at end of growth season. Rhizome usually cylindric, with many nodes, not renewed every year, usually preceding evergreen or wintergreen leaves. Roots usually growing at apex of tuber around cataphylls or at new nodes of rhizome. Cataphylls 3-5, herbaceous or membranous, surrounding basal part of shoot. Pseudostem consisting of basal cylindric part of petiole present or absent. Leaves 1-3, long petiolate; petiole usually mottled, stout, smooth or verrucose; leaf blade 3-foliolate, palmate, pedate, or radiate. Inflorescence borne with or before leaves, solitary, pedunculate, emerging from pseudostem in tuberous or some rhizomatous plants or separately from petiole and directly surrounded by cataphylls in some rhizomatous plants; peduncle (excluding part within pseudostem) erect, stout, usually shorter than or sometimes equaling or longer than petioles (excluding part forming pseudostem). Spathe tubular proximally, expanded limb distally, deciduous, withering or rarely semipersistent; throat of spathe tube often widely spreading outward, with or without an auricle on each side, margins of throat ciliate or not; spathe limb occasionally with a long tail at apex. Spadix sessile, unisexual or bisexual; bisexual spadix female proximally, male distally, neuter (sterile) flowers sometimes present on appendix; appendix variable in shape, base stipitate or not, apex sometimes ending in long filiform flagellum. Ovaries with 1 basal locule with several orthotropous ovules; style usually indistinct; stigma peltate, papillose. Synandria of 2-6 fused stamens, sessile or on a united filament; anthers dehiscing by 2 apical pores or a single horseshoe-shaped slit or circumscissile into a ring. Neuter flowers filiform, subulate. Infructescence upright or nodding. Berries reddish, several seeded.
More
Erect, seasonally dormant herbs with subglobose tubers (rarely rhizomatous in some Asian species). Leaves radical, 1–3, subtended by several cataphylls; petioles not pulvinate apically; sheaths long, often imbricate to form a pseudostem; blade compound, pedately to radiately divided to base into elliptic to obovate acuminate lobes; primary lateral veins of lobes usually forming inframarginal veins, finer venation reticulate. Inflorescence erect, terminal, solitary, appearing with leaves. Spathe convolute basally into a ± cylindric tube, upper part (limb) expanded, forward-curving or ± erect, acuminate, variously coloured or striped. Spadix unisexual (paradioecious) or monoecious with basal pistillate part contiguous with central staminate part, always with terminal, sterile, smooth appendix of variable shape from clavate to filamentous, usually subcylindric in African species. Flowers unisexual, without perigon. Staminate flowers ± distant, each with 2–5 stamens; filaments connate; anthers free to connate, dehiscing by pores or straight to lunate slits; connective slender. Pistillate flowers congested; ovary unilocular; ovules 1–9; placentation basal; stigma sessile or on short conic style, capitate. Berries fleshy, glossy orange to scarlet, few-seeded, borne in cylindric to conic infructescence. Seeds subglobose; endosperm copious; embryo axile.
Herbs, terrestrial or wetland. Corms [rhizomes] nearly globose. Leaves usually appearing with flowers, 1--2(--3), erect; petiole longer than blade; blade medium to dark green, sometimes glaucous adaxially, palmately or pedately [radiately] divided, not peltate, leaflet elliptic to broadly ovate or oblanceolate, base rounded to obtuse or attenuate, apex obtuse or acute to acuminate; primary lateral veins of each leaflet pinnate. Inflorescences: peduncle erect, nearly equal to leaves [to very short], apex not swollen; spathe variously colored or striped, distal part open at maturity, exposing tip to 1/2 or more of spadix appendage; spadix ± cylindric, surmounted by sterile appendage of variable shape. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same or different spadix; pistillate flowers congested; staminate flowers usually scattered, distal to pistillate flowers when both are present; perianth absent. Fruits not embedded in spadix, glossy orange to bright red. Seeds 1--6, mucilage sometimes present (not present in Arisaema triphyllum). x = 13, 14.
Monoecious or dioecious; fls covering the basal part of a fleshy spadix that is subtended by a green or purple-brown spathe; perianth none; staminate fls above the pistillate, composed of 2–5 subsessile anthers opening apically; pistillate fls consisting of a unilocular ovary with 1–several basal orthotropous ovules and a broad stigma; fr a cluster of globose red berries, each with 1–3 seeds; cormose perennials with long-petioled compound lvs. 150, irregularly cosmop.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support -
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) -
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 4-12

Usage

Uses -
Edible -
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Mode -
Germination duration (days) 30 - 180
Germination temperacture (C°) 12 - 15
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Arisaema unspecified picture

Distribution

Arisaema world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Åland Islands, Andorra, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Chile, China, Ethiopia, Micronesia (Federated States of), Georgia, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Somalia, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, United States of America, Viet Nam, and Yemen

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328148-2
WFO ID wfo-4000003046
COL ID 8VV75
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Arisaema

Lower taxons

Arisaema pangii Arisaema asperatum Arisaema candidissimum Arisaema caudatum Arisaema ciliatum Arisaema cordatum Arisaema costatum Arisaema cucullatum Arisaema dahaiense Arisaema decipiens Arisaema echinoides Arisaema enneaphyllum Arisaema griffithii Arisaema hainanense Arisaema handelii Arisaema heterocephalum Arisaema heterophyllum Arisaema inclusum Arisaema ishizuchiense Arisaema jacquemontii Arisaema japonicum Arisaema laminatum Arisaema macrospathum Arisaema mairei Arisaema maximowiczii Arisaema meleagris Arisaema nambae Arisaema odoratum Arisaema ornatum Arisaema ovale Arisaema pallidum Arisaema petelotii Arisaema propinquum Arisaema roxburghii Arisaema ruwenzoricum Arisaema sachalinense Arisaema saddlepeakense Arisaema saxatile Arisaema schimperianum Arisaema scortechinii Arisaema seppikoense Arisaema souliei Arisaema tashiroi Arisaema tengtsungense Arisaema ternatipartitum Arisaema thunbergii Arisaema tortuosum Arisaema translucens Arisaema tuberculatum Arisaema ulugurense Arisaema umbrinum Arisaema wilsonii Arisaema wrayi Arisaema xuanweiense Arisaema yamatense Arisaema serratum Arisaema flavum Arisaema bogneri Arisaema burmaense Arisaema lidaense Arisaema maxwellii Arisaema menglaense Arisaema pachystachyum Arisaema sizemoreae Arisaema aprile Arisaema amurense Arisaema austro-yunnanense Arisaema calcareum Arisaema chumponense Arisaema clavatum Arisaema consanguineum Arisaema echinatum Arisaema ehimense Arisaema elephas Arisaema erubescens Arisaema exappendiculatum Arisaema fargesii Arisaema fimbriatum Arisaema franchetianum Arisaema garrettii Arisaema grapsospadix Arisaema intermedium Arisaema kawashimae Arisaema mayebarae Arisaema microspadix Arisaema minus Arisaema mooneyanum Arisaema murrayi Arisaema negishii Arisaema nikoense Arisaema sarracenioides Arisaema sazensoo Arisaema setosum Arisaema sikokianum Arisaema silvestrii Arisaema sinii Arisaema speciosum Arisaema taiwanense Arisaema undulatifolium Arisaema utile Arisaema vexillatum Arisaema yunnanense Arisaema zhui Arisaema abei Arisaema aequinoctiale Arisaema agasthyanum Arisaema album Arisaema angustatum Arisaema auriculatum Arisaema balansae Arisaema bannaense Arisaema barbatum Arisaema barnesii Arisaema bockii Arisaema bonatianum Arisaema bottae Arisaema averyanovii Arisaema parisifolia Arisaema rostratum Arisaema muratae Arisaema ghaticum Arisaema rubrirhizomatum Arisaema brucei Arisaema wangmoense Arisaema nagiense Arisaema maekawae Arisaema inclusum Arisaema triphyllum Arisaema claviforme Arisaema nonghinense Arisaema madhuanum Arisaema chauvanminhii Arisaema langbiangense Arisaema guangxiense Arisaema brinchangense Arisaema lushuiense Arisaema constrictum Arisaema jethompsonii Arisaema limbatum Arisaema muricaudatum Arisaema ogatae Arisaema ringens Arisaema tosaense Arisaema formosana Arisaema galeatum Arisaema jingdongense Arisaema kerrii Arisaema kishidae Arisaema kiushianum Arisaema kuratae Arisaema leschenaultii Arisaema lobatum Arisaema mildbraedii Arisaema minamitanii Arisaema nilamburense Arisaema pierreanum Arisaema pingbianense Arisaema prazeri Arisaema psittacus Arisaema smitinandii Arisaema somalense Arisaema sukotaiense Arisaema wattii Arisaema inaense Arisaema fraternum Arisaema anomalum Arisaema aridum Arisaema concinnum Arisaema condaoense Arisaema filiforme Arisaema iyoanum Arisaema lichiangense Arisaema lingyunense Arisaema longipedunculatum Arisaema monophyllum Arisaema omkoiense Arisaema parvum Arisaema penicillatum Arisaema petiolulatum Arisaema pianmaense Arisaema polyphyllum Arisaema quinatum Arisaema ramulosum Arisaema siamicum Arisaema victoriae Arisaema wardii Arisaema pattaniense Arisaema nepenthoides Arisaema hunanense Arisaema ilanense Arisaema lackneri Arisaema lihenganum Arisaema bathycoleum Arisaema dracontium Arisaema triphyllum